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Abstrak :
Carbon black (CB) merupakan material penting yang digunakan sebagai pewarna dan material fungsional di dalam toner. Partikel CB dalam ukuran nano meter diharapkan mampu menghasilkan toner dengan pola distribusi dan dispersi yang merata. Sintesis toner dilakukan dengan 3 variasi persentase berat (wt%) nano CB 10, 15 dan 20 % yang diball mill dengan kopolimer stirena/ akrilat (KSA), black oxide (BO) dan air. Serbuk toner yang telah disintesis dikarakterisasi dengan x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) dan scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy(SEM/EDX) serta uji performa toner melalui uji suseptibilitas magnetik, uji adhesi, dan uji kualitas gambar. Hasil karakterisasi SEM menunjukkan bahwa toner 10 wt% CB memiliki ukuran dan distribusi yang paling seragam. Hasil uji suseptibilitas magnetik menunjukkan nilai suseptibilitas magnetik toner hasil sintesis 10, 15 dan 20 wt% CB sebesar 1,02 x 10-4, 0,99 x 10-4, 1,11 x 10-4 m3/kg. Performa terbaik dalam kriteria nilai suseptibilitas, adhesivitas dan kualitas gambar diberikan oleh toner 10 wt% CB dibandingkan toner hasil sintesis lain dan toner komersil. ...... Carbon black(CB) is an important material used as a dye and functional materials in toner. CB particles in nano-meter size is expected to produce a toner with distribution and uniform dispersion. Synthesis of the toner was carried out 3 weight percentage variation of nano CB10, 15 and 20 % in the ball mill with styrene/acrylate copolymer(KSA), blackoxide (BO) and water. The resulted powder has been characterized with the x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersivex-ray spectroscopy (SEM /EDX) and test the performance of toner through the tests of magnetic susceptibility, adhesion, and the quality of image. SEM characterization results indicate that the toner 10 CB has the size and the most uniform distribution. The average of magnetic susceptibility of synthesized toner 10 CB, 15 CB and 20 % CB is 1,02 x 10-4, 0,99 x 10-4, 1,11 x 10-4 m3/kg.The best performance was provided by 10CB toner in comparison to others synthesized and commercial toners.

Abstrak :
Pada penelitian ini, permukaan daun pegagan (Hydrocotyle vulgaris L.,) telah berhasil dimodifikasi dengan heksadesiltrimetoksisilan (HDTMS). HDTMS sebagai material pelapis dan agen hidrofobik yang dapat menurunkan energi permukaan. Permukaan daun yang sudah terlapisi dilakukan uji sifat superhidrofobik dengan pengukuran sudut kontak menggunakan metode sessile drop dan dikarakterisasi menggunakan spektroskopi FTIR-ATR dan SEM-EDX. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teknik dip-coating dengan HDTMS 0,5% (v/v) dan variasi pencelupan sebanyak 9 kali menghasilkan lapisan dengan sifat superhidrofobik dengan hasil sudut kontak yang terbentuk yaitu 157.3°. Karakterisasi FTIR-ATR daun pegagan yang telah dilapisi menunjukkan terdapat puncak serapan dari gugus Si-O-Si, Si-OH, dan Si-C. Data analisis SEM-EDX secara visual menunjukkan bahwa terdapat Si dari HDTMS pada permukaan daun pegagan yang telah dilapisi. Kestabilan fisik daun diuji di dalam larutan toner dengan cara penyimpanan dalam variasi suhu yaitu pada suhu ruang (28 ± 2 ºC), suhu tinggi (40 ± 2 ºC), dan suhu rendah (4 ± 2 ºC). Larutan toner yang telah diuji stabilitasnya dikarakterisasi menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Berdasarkan uji stabilitas dan karakterisasi dengan spektrofotometer UV-Vis, menunjukkan bahwa daun yang telah dimodifikasi permukaannya, memiliki kestabilan fisik di dalam larutan toner lebih baik dibandingkan daun yang belum dimodifikasi permukannya. Hasil uji swelling terhadap masuknya larutan toner ke dalam daun menghasilkan % swelling index terkecil pada konsentrasi 5% HDTMS sebesar 8,37%. ......In this research, Gotu kola leaves (Hydrocotyle vulgaris L.,) surface has been successfully modified with hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS). HDTMS function as coating materials and hydrophobic agent, which can lower the surface energy. Coated leaf surface was tested for superhydrophobic properties by measuring the contact angle using sessile drop method and characterized by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and SEM-EDX. The results showed that dip-coating technique with HDTMS 0.5% (v/v) and 9 times immersions resulted in a layer with superhydrophobic properties with contact angle of 157.3°. Characterization by ATR-FTIR of coated Gotu kola leaves showed that there were absorption peaks from Si-O-Si, Si-OH, and Si-C groups. Analysis using SEM-EDX indicated the presence of Si from HDTMS on coated Gotu kola leaves surface. The physical stability of the leaves was tested in toner solution by storing them in various temperatures, i.e. in room temperature (28 ± 2 ºC), high temperature (40 ± 2 ºC), and low temperature (4 ± 2 ºC). The physical stability of toner solution was then characterized using spectrophotometer UV-Vis. Based on the stability test and characterization with spectrophotometer UV-Vis, modified leaf surface possessed better physical stability compared to unmodified leaf surface. Swelling test of Gotu kola leaves treated with 0.5% HDTMS showed % swelling index of 8.37%.

Abstrak :
Pada penelitian ini, modifikasi permukaan bunga mawar (Rosa x odorata) menjadi superhidrofobik telah berhasil dilakukan dengan metode coating menggunakan material coating Polydimethylsiloxane/Carnauba wax. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) digunakan untuk menurunkan energi permukaan pada bunga mawar dan carnauba wax digunakan untuk memberikan kekasaran permukaan pada bunga mawar. Hasil modifikasi permukaan bunga mawar dengan proses coating dikarakterisasi menggunakan Spektroskopi ATR-FTIR, SEM-EDX, dan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Hasil karakterisasi berdasarkan spektra ATR-FTIR menunjukkan puncak spesifik PDMS pada bilangan gelombang 1017,08 cm-1 dan 1095,26 cm-1 yang mengindikasikan ikatan Si-O-Si. Pengujian sifat superhidrofobik dilakukan dengan pengukuran sudut kontak air pada permukaan bunga mawar yang menghasilkan sudut kontak air tertinggi sebesar 165.4o pada konsentrasi optimum 1% PDMS dengan 9 kali pelapisan. Uji stabilitas fisik menunjukkan bahwa bunga mawar yang telah dimodifikasi permukaannya memiliki kestabilan yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan bunga mawar yang belum dimodifikasi permukaannya.

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In this research, the surface modification of rose flower (Rosa x odorata) to be superhydrophobic was successfully carried out through the coating method using a Polydimethylsiloxane/Carnauba wax coating material. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) used as a material to lower surface energy in roses and carnauba wax used to provide surface roughness to roses. The results of surface modification of roses through the coating process and uncoated roses were characterized using FTIR Spectroscopy, SEM-EDX, and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The results of characterization based on ATR-FTIR spectra show PDMS specific peak at 1017,08 cm-1 and 1095,26 cm-1 indicating Si-O-Si bond. Superhydrophobicity was determined by measuring water contact angle on the surface of the rose flower. The highest contact angle was reached by coating the surface 9 times with 1% PDMS, which was determined as the optimum concentration. The physical stability test of roses showed that the surface of the modified roses was more stable than the roses that was not modified

Abstrak :
This book continues first one of the same authors Adaptive Image Processing Algorithms for Printing and presents methods and software solutions for copying and scanning various types of documents by conventional office equipment, offering techniques for correction of distortions and enhancement of scanned documents; techniques for automatic cropping and de-skew; approaches for segmentation of text and picture regions; documents classifiers; approach for vectorization of symbols by approximation of their contour by curves; methods for optimal compression of scanned documents, algorithm for stitching parts of large originals; copy-protection methods by microprinting and embedding of hidden information to hardcopy; algorithmic approach for toner saving. In addition, method for integral printing is considered. Described techniques operate in automatic mode thanks to machine learning or ingenious heuristics. Most the techniques presented have a low computational complexity and memory consumption due to they were designed for firmware of embedded systems or software drivers. The book reflects the authors practical experience in algorithm development for industrial R&D.