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Abstrak :
A number of literary works may be classified as social criticism, raising issue that are fell to disturb or oven threaten deeply rooted values. Some of the writing have received positive response, mainly from contemporary authorities, as concrete actions have been taken to address. In the history of American literature Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter may be the earliest novel lo criticize a fanatically religious society. Published In 1850, the work tells of an illicit relationship between a priest and a married woman, amid a society that radically follows pious norms. Though this society lived some 1 50 years before his time, Hawthorne must have felt the relevance the story bore in his days. In fact, even today radicalism can hardly be tolerated. Other novels discussed in this treatise are those that have significant impact on people, including the authorities, inducing them lo lake remedial actions or at least lo question their disposition hitherto. Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853), for example, sparked the Civil War The Jungle [1910} by Upton Sinclair caused the government to issue the Food and Drug Act. Some thirty years later John Steinbeck published his phenomenal The Grapes of Wrath, describing victims of the Great Depression and inducing President Roosevelt to instruct banks to provide soft loans to farmers badly stricken by the crisis, In 1 949 Richard Wright wrote Native Son, raising the racial discrimination issue, a social problem which persists till today This writing concludes with the novel The Color Purple (1963) in which feminist writer Alice Walker very aptly deals with the gender issue.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Pendapat orang tentang pikiran Nathaniel Hawthorne sangat beragam. Sebagian mengatakan bahwa dia seorang Puritan sebagian yang lain menyatakan bahwa dia seorang Transendental.

Karya ini mencoba untuk meneliti pikiran novelis ini dalam karya puncaknya, The Scarlet Letter, dengan tujuan untuk menampilkan sisi lain pemikirannya dari kaca mata saya selaku orang Indonesia.

Mengingat pernyataan Hawthorne dalam "The Custom House", bahwa watak nenek moyangnya yang Puritan berjalinan kuat dengan wataknya, dan bahwa dia menghirup paham Transendentalisme, saya mengajukan sebuah tesis: dalam pikiran Hawthorne dalam karyanya itu terdapat ambivalensi antara Puritanisme dan Transendentalisme.

Bertolak dari teori RJ Rees dalam bukunya English Literature, bahwa fungsi sastra ialah mengungkapkan dan mengkomunikasikan pikiran serta sikap pengarangannya terhadap hidup, maka untuk mencapai tujuan itu, saya menggunakan pendekatan Sejarah Biografi menurut Guerin et al, yang ditopang dengan pendekatan intrinsik menurut Rene Wellek dan Austin Warren dalam buku mereka Theory of Literature .

Hasil akhir penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa pikiran Hawthorne dalam karyanya itu bersifat ambivalen antara Puritanisme dan Trasendentalisme, dengan titik berat pada Trasendentalisme.