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"Tahun 1957 Deklarasi Djuanda memproklamasikan Indonesia sebagai satu negara kepulauan. melalui perjuangan lama, dengan disahkannya Konvensi Hukum Laut International 1982 (HUKLA-82; UNCLOS-III), deklarasi Indonesia sebagai Negara Kepulaua mendapat pengakuan internasional. HUKLA-82 telah meluaskan wilayah nasiona ldari sekita 2 (dua) juta km2 daratan dan laut territorial hanya 3 mil lau dari garis pantai air terendah menjadi sekitar 5 (lima) juta km2 wilayah 'territorial' ditambah sekita 3 (tiga) juta km2 Zona Ekonomi Eklusif (ZEE) di luar batas territorial. Sesuai Deklarasi Djuanda dan HUKLA-82 lebar laut territorial telah berubah dari 3 mil laut menjadi 12 mil laut dari garis pangkal kepulauan. Ini hasil diplomasi dan perjuangan untuk mendapatkan satu pembagian juridikasi atas wilayah laut yang lebih equitable bagi semua negara-negara pantai (coastal states). Khususnya bagi negara-negara kepualauan dan negara-negara berkembang yang banyak lahir setelah perang dunia ke-2. "

"Vladimir Putin's intervention into the Georgia/​South Ossetia conflict in summer 2008 was quickly recognized by Western critics as an attempt by Russia to increase its presence and power in the "near abroad", or the independent states of the former Soviet Union that Russia still regards as its wards. Though the global economic recession that began in 2008 moved the incident to the back of the world's mind, Russia surged to the forefront again six years later when they invaded the heavily Russian Crimea in Ukraine and annexed it. In contrast to the earlier Georgia episode, this new conflict has generated a crisis of global proportions, forcing European countries to rethink their relationship with Russia and their reliance on it for energy supplies, as Russia was now squeezing natural gas from what is technically Ukraine. In Near Abroad, the eminent political geographer Gerard Toal analyzes Russia's recent offensive actions in the near abroad, focusing in particular on the ways in which both the West and Russia have relied on Cold War-era rhetorical and emotional tropes that distort as much as they clarify. In response to Russian aggression, US critics quickly turned to tried-and-true concepts like "spheres of influence" to condemn the Kremlin. Russia in turn has brought back its long tradition of criticizing western liberalism and degeneracy to grandly rationalize its behavior in what are essentially local border skirmishes. It is this tendency to resort to the frames of earlier eras that has led the conflicts to "jump scales," moving from the regional to the global level in short order. The ambiguities and contradictions that result when nations marshal traditional geopolitical arguments-rooted in geography, territory, and old understandings of distance-further contributes to the escalation of these conflicts. Indeed, Russia's belligerence toward Georgia stemmed from concern about its possible entry into NATO, an organization of states thousands of miles away. American hawks also strained credulity by portraying Georgia as a nearby ally in need of assistance. Similarly, the threat of NATO to the Ukraine looms large in the Kremlin's thinking, and many Ukrainians themselves self-identify with the West despite their location in Eastern Europe"

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas mengenai perubahan yang dialami negara Jepang setelah perubahan basis pajaknya menjadi territorial dengan menerapkan pengecualian pajak atas dividen yang diterima dari luar negeri serta analisis terhadap basis perpajakan Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa Jepang menerapkan tax exemption dalam rangka mendorong repatriasi penghasilan dan peningkatan daya saing perusahaan multinasionalnya. Dampak yang muncul di Jepang di antaranya adalah pengaruhnya terhadap kegiatan investasi, kemudahan administrasi, dan juga peningkatan repatriasi. Di sisi lain, Indonesia yang pernah berencana menerapkan tax exemption dinilai lebih tepat tetap bertahan dengan sistem worldwide dengan sistem kredit pajak.

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ABSTRACTThis study focuses on changes happened in Japan after the implementation of tax exemption on foreign sourced dividends and also analyses the tax base in Indonesia. This research is qualitative descriptive interpretive. The data were collected by means of deep interview. The researcher found that the implementation of tax exemption in Japan leads to the increasing in amount of repatriation from Japanese multinationals rsquo and their subsidiaries. There are also the increasing in volume of investment activity, tax administration, and repatriation. As in Indonesia which happened to consider the implementation of tax exemption decide that it rsquo s better to keep the worldwide taxation and the tax credit."

"Teritori berkaitan dengan bagaimana sebuah space dan place terdefinisi oleh boundary yang ada dan sangat berpengaruh pada aktivitas sehari-hari. Kehidupan bertetangga di area kampung kota sangat berbeda dibandingkan dengan kehidupan bertetangga pada jenis pemukiman lain karena terdapat intensitas interaksi yang lebih sering dikarenakan jarak rumah yang saling berdekatan, hubungan kekerabatan yang dekat dan seringnya melakukan aktivitas yang sama pada waktu yang sama. Fenomena tersebut akan berpengaruh pada pembentukan territorial masing-masing rumah dan hierarki teritori yang ada. Berdasarkan pengamatan yang telah dilakukan di Jalan Wadas Kramatjati, sebuah territorial terbentuk dari keberadaan boundary fisik yang membatasi dan membedakan territorial satu dan yang lainnya. Keberadaan boundary non fisik mempengaruhi territorial yang ada secara temporer berdasarkan aktivitas yang sedang terjadi, keberadaannya dapat memperluas atau mempersempit territorial. Hierarki yang tercipta sesuai dengan prinsip asimetri dan tercipta karena hubungan vertical yang terjadi antar teritori, yaitu seseorang harus rumah keluar menuju tingkatan teritori yang lebih rendah untuk masuk ke dalam teritori tetangganya yang berada.

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Territory associated with space and place defined by existing boundaries and daily activities. Kampong is very different from other types of settlements because there are more interaction between people and they do their activities together in the same time frequently, and also the minimum distances between their houses which is very close. This phenomenon will affects in how territorial and hierarchy of territory formed.

According to the observation result on Wadas Street Kramatjati, a territorial formed by the existence of physical boundaries. This boundaries mark off one territorial from another. The existence of non physical boundaries affect territorial temporary, these boundaries can expand or narrow the territorial. The existing territorial hierarchy based on asymmetry principle. Asymmetry principle occurs because of vertical relation between the territories. This relation makes people go down to the lower territory to enter another level of territory."

"People have been drawing lines on maps for as long as there have been maps to draw on. Sometimes rooted in physical geography, sometimes entirely arbitrary, these lines might often have looked very different if a war or treaty or the decisions of a handful of tired Europeans had gone a different way. By telling the stories of these borders, we can learn a lot about how political identities are shaped, why the world looks the way it does - and about the scale of human folly. From the Roman attempts to define the boundaries of civilisation, to the secret British-French agreement to carve up the Ottoman Empire during the First World War, to the reason why landlocked Bolivia still maintains a navy, this is a fascinating, witty and surprising look at the history of the world told through its borders"