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"Joint sound is one of the signs of the temporomandibular joint disorder dan its characteristics are tought to be able to establish the gravity of the disorder. The aim of this study was to analyze the relation between the sound characteristics - its pitch and intensity - and the gravity of the temporomandibular joint disorder. The subjects of this research were 54 students who fulfilled the criteria included in the basic questionnaire which was distributed among all the 4th and 6th semester dental students of Faculty of Dentistry University of Indonesia. The gravity of the disorder was obtained from the subjective as well as the objective examination, using Helkimo index. 108 joint sound samples of the left and right joint were recorded during opening and closing movement of the mandible, using a modified stethoscope which was connected to a personal computer. The analysis of the joint sound characteristics was done with audio analysis software Cool Edit 2000. A one wat anova test showed a significant relation between the gravity of temporomandibular joint disorder and the intensity of the joint sound (p<0.05). The gravity of the disorder was equivalent to the intensity of the sound, however there was no significant relation between the joint sound pitch and the gravity of the temporomandibular joint disorder. It was concluded that the joint sound intensity was worthy of further study as a sign of diagnostic value."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Temporomandibular Disorders atau yang dikenal dengan TMDmerupakan kumpulan gangguan yang terjadi pada musculoskeletal dan neuromuscular yangberhubungan dengan otot mastikasi, sendi temporomandibula (TMJ) dan atau struktur yanglainnya. TMD memiliki etiologi yang multifaktorial, dan cara penentuan diagnosis TMDdapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara, melalui pengisian kuesioner, pemeriksaan klinismaupun pemeriksaan penunjang seperti radiografi. Kuesioner TMD telah banyakdikembangkan di dunia, dan di Indonesia sendiri, telah dikembangkan ID-TMD dan IndeksEtiologi Gangguan Sendi Temporomandibula, namun butuh dikembangkan suatu kuesioneryang mencakup seluruh tanda gejala dan etiologi TMD dengan referensi terkini yang dapatmempermudah klinisi untuk mendeteksi TMD pada pasien. Tujuan: Mengembangkansuatu kuesioner Gangguan Sendi Rahang yang valid dan reliabel. Metode: Pengembangankuesioner dijalankan dengan dua tahap, yaitu pada tahap kualitatif dilakukan 28 wawancaraterstruktur dan mendalam dengan pasien TMD menggunakan panduan semi-struktur yangdibuat peneliti dan melewati diskusi pakar. Hasil kuesioner tahap kualitatif dilanjutkandengan studi potong lintang pada 126 pasien TMD. Seluruh hasil pengisian kuesionerdilakukan Exploratory Analysis Factor dan dilanjutkan dengan pengujian validitas danreliabilitas menggunakan SPSS untuk mendapatkan nilai Alpha Cronbach. Hasil:Pengembangan Kuesioner Gangguan Sendi Rahang terdiri atas 56 item pertanyaan yangmemiliki 3 komponen besar yaitu tanda dan gejala sebanyak 14 pertanyaan, kebiasaanburuk 15 pertanyaan dan stres emosional 27 pertanyaan. Kesimpulan: PengembanganKuesioner Gangguan Sendi Rahang valid dan reliabel.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Temporomandibular Disorders, also known as TMD, is a collection ofdisorders that occur in the musculoskeletal and neuromuscular that are associatedwith masticatory system, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and or other structures.TMD has a multifactorial etiology, and the method of determining the diagnosis ofTMD can be done in various ways, through filling in questionnaires, clinicalexaminations and investigations such as radiography. The TMD questionnaire hasbeen widely developed in the world, and in Indonesia itself, ID-TMD and theQuestionnaire to determine the Etiology of Temporomandibular Disorders have beendeveloped, but a questionnaire is needed to cover all symptoms and etiology of TMDwith the latest references that can facilitate clinicians to easily detect TMD inpatients. Objective: To develop a valid and reliable Temporomandibular Disorderquestionnaire. Method: The development of the questionnaire was carried out in twostages, namely in the qualitative stage, 28 TMD patient were interviewed using semistructuredguidelines made by researcher and passing expert discussions. The resultsof the qualitative stage questionnaire were followed by cross-sectional studies on 126TMD patients. All the results of filling out the questionnaire were carried out byExploratory Analysis Factor followed by testing validity and reliability using SPSS toproduce Cronbach Alpha value. Results: Development Temporomandibular DisorderQuestionnaire has total 56 items (questions) distributed amongst 3 major components,namely Signs and symptoms consist of 14 items, Bad habits 15 items and Emotionalstress 27 (questions). Conclusion: Development of Temporomandibular DisorderQuestionnaire were valid and reliable."

"Manual of Temporomandibular Disorders, Third Edition provides comprehensive, evidence-based information on temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Focusing on clinically relevant information throughout, the book allows dentists to diagnose TMD accurately, rule out disorders that mimic TMD, and provide effective therapy for most patients. Useful features, such as frequently asked questions, quick consults, technical tips, and focal points are integrated to help the clinician find precise answers with ease. Case scenarios provide the reader with a way to enhance their clinical reasoning skills, with a focus on solving TMD problems at chairside. Offering comprehensive coverage in a highly-illustrated, compact package, Manual of Temporomandibular Disorders is the ideal source for dentists dealing patients suffering from TMD"--Provided by publisher."

"Manual of Temporomandibular Disorders, Third Edition provides comprehensive, evidence-based information on temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Focusing on clinically relevant information throughout, the book allows dentists to diagnose TMD accurately, rule out disorders that mimic TMD, and provide effective therapy for most patients. Useful features, such as frequently asked questions, quick consults, technical tips, and focal points are integrated to help the clinician find precise answers with ease. Case scenarios provide the reader with a way to enhance their clinical reasoning skills, with a focus on solving TMD problems at chairside. Offering comprehensive coverage in a highly-illustrated, compact package, Manual of Temporomandibular Disorders is the ideal source for dentists dealing patients suffering from TMD"--Provided by publisher."

"Etiologi gangguan sendi temporomandibula adalah kompleks dan multifaktorial. Selama ini diagnosa ditegakkan berdasarkan tanda klinis dan gejala. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan suatu indeks berdasarkan etiologi dalam penetapan diagnosis, sehingga pencegahan dan perawatan yang tepat dapat dilaksanakan. Penelitian dibagi dalam dua tahap. Pertama, tahap kualitatif eksploratif melalui konsep konsensus pakar untuk menentukan variabel dan indikator yang diduga menjadi penyebab gangguan sendi temporomandibula dan akan digunakan pada kuesioner etiologi gangguan sendi temporomandibula. Tahap ke dua penelitian kuantitatif, pembuatan indeks berdasarkan etiologi gangguan sendi temporomandibula, menggunakan baku emas RDC/TMD dengan desain kasus kontrol. Dihasilkan indeks yang mudah, sederhana, dan akurat untuk memprediksi etiologi gangguan sendi temporomandibula. Indeks tersebut terdiri atas stres, kebiasaan buruk, jenis kelamin, dan free way space yang merupakan bagian dari faktor maloklusi. Komponen kebiasaan buruk dan komponen stres diukur menggunakan kuesioner yang didapat dari proses ekploratif kualitatif. Kuesioner ini adalah valid (sahih) dan reliable (andal) untuk digunakan dalam penentuan etiologi gangguan sendi temporomndibula.

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The etiology of temporomandibular disorders is complex and multifactorial. Usually diagnosis was done by clinical signs and symptoms. The purpose of this research is to produce an index based on etiology so early prevention and prompt treatment can be done. This study was divided in two stages. Firstly the qualitative explorative concept. It was done to get a consensus between the experts to define variables and indicators that were suspected as the causes of temporomandibular disorders. The variables and indicators will be used in the questionnaire based on the etiology of Temporomandibular disorders. Then, followed by a quantitative study with case-control design using the RDC/TMD as a gold standard, producing an easy, simple, and accurate index to predict the etiology of temporomandibular disorders. Included in this index are stress, bad habits, gender, and free way space which is a part of a malocclusion. Bad habit and stress could be measured by using a questionnaire which was obtained from a qualitative explorative study. This questionnaire is valid and reliable in the determination of the etiology of temporomandibular disorders."

"Ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint is a fusion of the glenoid fossa and capsular surface of the joint that involved condyle and discus as a result of the formation of fibrous tissue or bone formation. This condition caused the mandible could not translate from the fossa. This condition reduced mouth opening that range from partial to complete immobility of the jaw. Ankylosis can be duvided into two types, intracapsular and extracapsular ankylosis. This case reported a condylectomy of an adult patient with ankylosis for eight years. It resulted maximum opening mouth approximately 32 mm."

"Pada tahun 2016, hasil penelitian The Tobacco Atlas melaporkan bahwa 66 pria di Indonesia adalah perokok. Penelitian epidemiologi telah melaporkan bahwa merokok tembakau berhubungan dengan nyeri pada gangguan muskuloskeletal. Beberapa penelitian telah melaporkan bahwa merokok tembakau berhubungan dengan temporomandibular disorders TMD , yang memiliki gejala diantaranya nyeri musculoskeletal, clicking, dan keterbatasan buka mulut. Namun, penelitian seperti ini belum pernah diteliti di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan kebiasaan merokok tembakau dan derajat keparahan nyeri pada pasien TMD. Sejumlah 54 subjek diperiksa dan dibagi menjadi dua kelompok: merokok tembakau dan tidak merokok; kemudian, perokok dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok menjadi: perokok ringan, perokok sedang, dan perokok berat. Diagnosis ditegakkan berdasarkan Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibula Disorders DC/TMD aksis I dan derajat keparahan nyeri TMD diukur melalui Visual analog scale VAS . Data dianalisis menggunakan Kruskal Wallis dan Post Hoc Mann-Whitney. Hasil penelitian menunjukan terdapat perbedaan bermakna dari derajat keparahan nyeri TMD yaitu pada kelompok perokok dibandingkan kelompok tidak merokok, dan terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara derajat keparahan nyeri TMD dan jumlah rokok yang dikonsumsi. Kebiasaan merokok tembakau merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi derajat keparahan nyeri TMD, sehingga kontrol terhadap kebiasaan merokok tembakau harus dipertimbangkan dalam merawat TMD pada pasien perokok.

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In 2016, The Tobacco Atlas reported that 66 of males in Indonesia were cigarettes smoker. Epidemiologic studies have suggested that smoking might be associated with musculoskeletal pain. Some studies have reported that there was a relationship between cigarettes smoking and Temporomandibular Disorders TMD , since the sysmptom could be musculoskeletal pain, clicking, and limitation on opening. But this kind of study have not yet been done in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of cigarette smoking on pain severity in TMD patients. Study was done on 54 TMD patients. They were first divided into two groups smokers and non smokers. Then, smokers were further divided into three subgroups light, moderate, and heavy smokers. The subjects were diagnosed according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibula Disorders DC TMD Axis I and the TMD pain was derived from Visual Analog Scale VAS . All the collected data were analysed using Kruskal Wallis and Post Hoc Mann Whitney. It has been shown that the TMD pain severity was significant higher in smokers compared to non smokers, and a significant relationship was found between pain severity and the number of cigarettes smoked in a day by each subject. Smoking seems to be a relevant factor affecting the TMD pain severity, thus, control of smoking habits should be considered when treating TMD patients. "

"Tujuan: Kajian sistematis ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi dan menyelidiki dampak psikologis, seperti stres, kecemasan, dan depresi akibat pandemi COVID-19 sebagai etiologi temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Metode: Protokol penelusuran literatur dalam kajian sistematik ini berdasarkan tahapan Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Pencarian literatur dilakukan pada empat basis data daring yaitu Pubmed, Scopus, EBSCO, dan ProQuest dengan membatasi literatur dalam bahasa Inggris dan dipublikasikan dalam rentang waktu tahun 2020 hingga 2022 sejak pandemi COVID-19 terjadi. Kriteria inklusi lain yang ditetapkan adalah subjek dengan TMD, dampak psikologis pandemi COVID-19 sebagai etiologi TMD dan studi observasional. Penilaian risiko bias menggunakan borang Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal. Hasil: Dari penelusuran didapatkan 421 literatur dan setelah proses seleksi terdapat 13 literatur yang termasuk dalam kriteria inklusi. Kondisi TMD pasien didiagnosa menggunakan kuesioner DC/TMD dan variasinya. Pada subjek dengan TMD dilakukan pengukuran terhadap keadaan psikologis dan dampak dari pandemi COVID-19. Hasil pemeriksaan keadaan psikologis pada 13 literatur ini menunjukkan adanya peningkatan stres, depresi, dan kecemasan pada subjek dengan TMD yang merupakan dampak dari pandemi COVID-19. Hal ini disebabkan karena adanya peristiwa lockdown, kehilangan pekerjaan, keterbatasan interaksi sosial, dan ketakutan pada pandemi COVID-19. Dampak pandemi COVID-19 menyebabkan peningkatan tekanan emosional dan kebiasaan parafungsi. Hal ini memperburuk kondisi fisiologis pada sistem stomatognatik dan mengakibatkan terjadinya TMD. Kesimpulan: Interaksi dampak pandemi COVID-19 dengan faktor psikologi dapat berperan sebagai etiologi TMD. Stres, depresi, dan kecemasan berkelanjutan akibat pandemi COVID-19 dapat menyebabkan peningkatan tekanan psikologis dan emosional, serta kebiasaan parafungsi seperti bruxism dan mengakibatkan TMD. Penilaian faktor psikologi yang menyeluruh pada pasien TMD dapat menjadi kunci dalam keberhasilan perawatan pasien TMD terutama pada masa pandemi COVID-19.

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Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to identify and investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and depression as etiologies of temporomandibular disorder (TMD).

Methods: The literature search protocol in this systematic review was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The literature search was conducted on four online databases: Pubmed, Scopus, EBSCO, and ProQuest by limiting only literature in English and published in the period from 2020 to 2022 since the COVID-19 pandemic occurred. The inclusion criteria were the subject with TMD; the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic as an etiology of TMD; observational studies. The bias risk was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal form. Results: 421 literatures were obtained in the initial search and after the selection process there were 13 literatures included in this systematic review. The patient's TMD condition was diagnosed using the DC/TMD questionnaire and its variations. Psychological measurements and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic were carried out for the subjects with TMD. The results of examining the psychological state of the 13 literatures show an increase in stress, depression, and anxiety in subjects with TMD which is the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This condition is due to lockdown events, loss of jobs, restrictions on social interaction, and fear of the COVID-19 pandemic. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic causes an increase in emotional stress,and parafunctional habits. These impacts can cause physiological decline in the stomatognathic system and results in TMD. Conclusions: The interaction between the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and psychological factors can act as an etiology for TMD. Continued stress, depression and anxiety due to the COVID-19 pandemic can lead to increased psychological and emotional distress, as well as parafunctional habits such as bruxism and lead to TMD. A thorough assessment of psychological factors in TMD patients can be key to the successful treatment of TMD patients, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic."