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"Relates the physical and geometric elegance of geologic structures within the Earth's crust and the ways in which these structures reflect the nature and origin of crystal deformation through time. The main thrust is on applications in regional tectonics, exploration geology, active tectonics and geohydrology. Techniques, experiments, and calculations are described in detail, with the purpose of offering active participation and discovery through laboratory and field work."

"Over the past few years, devastating tsunamis off the coast of the Indian Ocean have killed hundreds of thousands of people. Even more alarmingly, scientists predict that these tsunamis, as well as a series of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, may eventually threaten Hawaii, California, and Oregon. The cause of this trinity of natural disasters is plate tectonics. Perhaps the greatest advance made in the field of earth science, the plate-tectonics theory argues that the surface of the Earth is broken into large plates, which change in size and position over time."

"The work presented in this thesis is divided two subjects. First, devoted to the behavior, mechanic model, simulation and analysis of plate tectonics under excitation force approximated. Approach of an Earthquake are assumptions on the nature of the rupture process, review the evidence for the essential importance of the flow under plate with the modes of deformations.

Earthquake is primarily a mechanical process which appears as genuire rupture of crust and the earth behaves as an elastic body during the short time span of the phenomena. The friction has probably a fundamental role in the mechanics of the earthquakes. Rock mechanicians consider an earthquake as a stick-slip event controlled by the friction properties of the fault.

During an earthquake, on the nature of the fault and on the effect of trapped fluids within the crust at seismogenic depth, fault zone head seismic waves are generated by a shear-dislocation source and then propagated through the modeled earth medium. Wave propagation theory is used to solve the problem at hand for wave motion response, which is found as the superposition of the mean and scattered wave response.

Second, devoted model of the wave propagation, an important modeling tool of fault zone properties at depth can be provided by accurate simulations of seismic fault zone head and trapped waves for realistic structures. Analytical solutions for seismic wave fields generated by double-couple sources at material discontinuities in plane-parallel structures. Extensive 2D studies of the dependency of fault zone wave motion on basic media properties and source receiver geometries show that there are significant trade offs between propagation distances along the structure, fault zone width, impedance contrasts, source location within.

And the most important applications of the theory of structural dynamics is in analyzing the response of the structures to ground shaking caused by an earthquake. The study for earthquake response of linear SDF systems to earthquake motions concerned the displacement, velocity and acceleration. Then we introduced the response spectrum concept, which is central to earthquake engineering, together with procedures to determine the peak response of systems directly from the response spectrum."

"Enigma merupakan sebuah strategi spasial yang dapat menggeser pendekatan tektonik. Pendekatan tektonik dalam arsitektur kontemporer cenderung mengalami krisis dan kontradiksi dalam representasi bentuk final dan wujud materialnya. Arsitektur perlu hadir secara lebih performatif untuk memperkaya pengalaman dan sensori. Konsep ini melanjutkan sekaligus melawan konsep tektonika konvensional yang dibangun melalui pendekatan fungsi dan aturan. Oleh karena itu, spasial anti-tektonik perlu ditelusuri strategi pembentukannya. Enigma sebagai konsep yang berlawanan, tetapi saling berkaitan, bersifat kontradiktif tetapi memiliki kausalitas. Strategi ini dapat melanjutkan keteraturan tektonik menjadi bertumpuk aturannya. Enigma bekerja sebagai ruang berpikir, pemicu dematerialisasi, serta perspektif yang spekulatif. Arsitektur anti-tektonik kemudian hadir sebagai proses atau peristiwa ruang, fluktuasi data dalam ranah digital, serta representasi yang berlapis. Studi ini dilakukan pada proyek arsitektur interaktif untuk menunjukkan implementasi enigma sebagai strategi spasial anti-tektonik. Dengan menelusuri enigma, arsitek dapat menghadirkan konsep arsitektur kontemporer yang eksperimental dan eventual. Arsitek juga dapat melanjutkan serta membongkar keseragaman tektonik sehingga menjadi lebih fleksibel dan adaptif dalam mewadahi ruang yang kaya akan pengalaman.

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Enigma is a spatial strategy that shifts the tectonic strategy. Tectonic strategy in contemporary architecture tends to face crisis and contradiction in the representation of its final form and material manifestation. Architecture needs to be more performative to enrich experience and sensory engagement. This both continues and contradicts the conventional concept of tectonics, which is constructed through functional and rule-based approaches. Thus, the spatial condition of anti-tectonics needs to be studied through its formative strategies. Enigma, as a concept that is contradictory yet interrelated, holds tension but also causality. This strategy can continue the logic of tectonic order into disorder. Enigma operates as a subjective precondition space, a force of dematerialization, and a speculative perspective. Anti-tectonic architecture is then present as a process or spatial becoming, a fluctuation of data in the digital realm, and a complex yet layered representation. This study is conducted through an interactive architectural project to demonstrate the implementation of enigma as a spatial strategy of anti-tectonics. By studying enigma, architects may present a more experimental and eventual concept of contemporary architecture. Architects can continue and deconstruct tectonic uniformity, so it becomes more flexible and adaptive in accommodating rich spatial experiences. "