Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini akan mengkaji Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement terhadap tindakan proteksi impor crude palm oil yang dilakukan oleh Uni Eropa terhadap Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki permasalahan antara Indonesia-Uni Eropa dalam hambatan perdagangan proteksi impor CPO. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif yakni berdasarkan dokumen Pustaka seperti buku, jurnal, peraturan Perundang-undangan dan lain- lan. Adapun bahan hukum yang dipergunakan yakni GATT serta Perjanjian Internasional dan Undang-Undang yang terkait. Bahan hukum sekunder berupa artikel-artikel yang terkait. Berdasarkan temuan hipotesis penelitian yakni konsumsi barang domestik yang diproduksi di Uni Eropa mengalami penurunan sedangkan impor meningkat setelah terbitnya RED II 2018. Hambatan perdagangan merupakan hal yang dilarang oleh WTO, tetapi negara-negara diizinkan untuk memberlakukan pembatasan perdagangan untuk melindungi industri dan lingkungan negara tersebut. Namun, Uni Eropa telah memperlakukan barang impor dalam hal ini CPO secara tidak adil. Ini terbukti dalam konsep eksplisit RED II Uni Eropa, yang menganggap negara lain akan mengadopsi norma pasar yang searah dengan kebijakan Uni Eropa atau mematuhi standar Uni Eropa untuk mempertahankan akses ke pasar Uni Eropa. Konsekuensinya, Uni Eropa dapat memanfaatkan dominasi pasarnya untuk mendorong negara lain. ......This research will examine the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement on the protection measures for the import of crude palm oil by the European Union against Indonesia. This study aims to investigate the problems between Indonesia and the European Union in trade barriers to protect CPO imports. This research is a normative juridical research based on literary documents such as books, journals, laws and regulations and others. The legal materials used are GATT as well as international agreements and related laws. Secondary legal material in the form of related articles. Based on the findings of the research hypothesis, namely the consumption of domestic goods produced in the European Union has decreased while imports have increased after the publication of RED II 2018. Trade barriers are prohibited by the WTO, but countries are allowed to impose trade restrictions to protect the country's industry and the environment. However, the European Union treats imported goods, in this case CPO, unfairly. This is evident in the EU's explicit concept of RED II, which presupposes that other countries will adopt market norms consistent with EU policies or adhere to EU standards in order to maintain access to EU markets. Consequently, the European Union can leverage its market dominance to encourage other countries.

Abstrak :
Industri produk elektronik dan otomotif adalah sektor yang termasuk dalam kategori medium and high technology industry yang juga menjadi prioritas dalam Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah 2020-2024 dengan tujuan agar memiliki daya saing regional yang ditunjukkan dengan peningkatan ekspor. Hal tersebut didukung dengan adanya kerjasama dalam bentuk ASEAN+3 di sisi perdagangan yang diharapkan dapat mendorong harmonisasi regulasi yang kemudian mendorong perdagangan. Seberapa jauh harmonisasi peraturan non-tariff measures (NTMs) antara Indonesia dengan negara ASEAN+3 serta pengaruhnya dapat dianalisis menggunakan metode regulatory distance. Jenis NTMs technical barriers to trade (TBT) memiliki coverage ratio terbesar sehingga menjadi fokus penelitian untuk menganalisis pengaruh regulatory distance terhadap ekspor produk elektronik dan otomotif dari Indonesia ke ASEAN+3. Studi ini menggunakan unit observasi komoditas produk elektronik dan produk otomotif yang diekspor dari Indonesia ke negara ASEAN+3 dalam rentang waktu 2010-2018 menggunakan model gravity yang diestimasi dengan metode poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML). Selain itu, dengan menggunakan metode multidimensional scaling diperoleh pola regulatory distance antara Indonesia dengan negara ASEAN+3. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa nilai regulatory distance NTMs jenis TBT antara Indonesia dengan negara di ASEAN+3 pada produk elektronik tahun 2018 mengalami penurunan dibandingkan tahun 2010, tetapi pada produk otomotif mengalami kenaikan. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa regulatory distance NTMs jenis TBT memiliki efek menghambat perdagangan pada ekspor produk elektronik dan otomotif dari Indonesia ke ASEAN+3. ......The electronics and automotive industry are sectors in the medium and high technology industry category. Both are included as priority in the 2020-2024 Medium Term Development Plan with the aim of having regional competitiveness as indicated by increased exports. This is supported by cooperation in the form of ASEAN+3 on the trade side which is expected to encourage regulatory harmonization which then encourages trade. How far and the effect of the harmonization of non-tariff measures (NTMs) between Indonesia and ASEAN+3 countries can be analyzed using the regulatory distance method. The type of NTMs technical barriers to trade (TBT) has the largest coverage ratio so that it is the focus of research to analyze the effect of regulatory distance on exports of electronic and automotive products from Indonesia to ASEAN+3. This study uses a unit of observation for the commodities of electronic products and automotive products exported from Indonesia to ASEAN+3 countries during 2010 – 2018 using the gravity model which is estimated using the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) method. In addition, by using the multidimensional scaling method, the regulatory distance pattern is obtained between Indonesia and ASEAN+3 countries. The results of the study show the regulatory distance of TBT-type NTMs between Indonesia and countries in ASEAN+3 for electronic products in 2018 has decreased compared to 2010, but has increased for automotive products. This study also shows that regulatory distance of TBT-type NTMs have a trade-inhibiting effect on exports of electronic and automotive products from Indonesia to ASEAN+3.

Abstrak :
Semakin terbukanya perdagangan membuat perubahan dalam kebijakan perdagangan. Salah satunya adalah peningkatan penggunaan Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). Dengan asumsi penerapan kebijakan harmonisasi TBT membuat pasar ASEAN lebih terintegrasi, penelitian ini bertujuan mengestimasi dampak harmonisasi standar (TBT) ASEAN terhadap pertumbuhan produktivitas perusahaan di sektor industri elektronik Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan data yang berasal data level perusahaan industri elektronika pada survei Industri Besar Menengah BPS periode 2005-2014 serta metode Generalized Least Square (GLS), didapatkan bukti empiris yang menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan harmonisasi standar ASEAN meningkatkan produktivitas perusahaan yaitu ketika harmonisasi standar ASEAN bertambah 1 unit meningkatkan pertumbuhan produktivitas perusahaan di sektor elektronika sebesar 13, 8%. ......Increased openness in trade or Free Trade era makes a change in policy of international trade. Along with the tariff reduction, the using of Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) is increase and considered a trade barrier. Assuming that the implementation of TBT harmonization policy has made ASEAN market more integrated, this research is aimed to estimate the impact of ASEAN standard harmonization on the firms’s growth productivity in electronics industry. By using data firms of electronics industry during 2005-2014 from BPS “Large Medium Industry survey” and the Generalized Least Square (GLS) method, we have empirical evidence showing that when ASEAN standard harmonization increases 1 unit it will increases firms’ growth productivity in the electronics sector 13, 8%.

Abstrak :
Nowadays, trade has become more liberalized, tariff has steadily fallen but many of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) to international trade remain or even increase. Regulatory measures such as technical standards on quality offering protection for human, animal, or environment. However, the purpose sometimes blur with the interest of domestic industry. Thus it can be the impediment of trade, which can decrease welfare. Indonesia also has its own standards, the National Standards of Indonesia (SNI). One of the standards is SNI for wheat flour, which application has been mandatory by Government. The purpose of the regulation is to increase nutritious value of society, however to some extent it is intertwined with the purpose of protecting domestic industry by using SNI as technical barriers, even though it is equally imposed to both domestic and foreign producers. This thesis shows that until 2006 the application of mandatory SNI for wheat flour in Indonesia did not act as technical barriers, although this thesis shows that the application of mandatory SNI has caused an increase in production cost and transaction cost of both local and foreign wheat flour producers. The increase in domestic production cost with the raw materials approach calculates only 0.01 percent from total cost of raw material. While the effect of increase in costs for foreign producer, by using quantity of export approach, shows that countries with high export to Indonesia are not strongly affected and they keep on exporting. Increases !n transaction costs come from the certification cost, certification procedures and quality control mechanism. There is around 380% difference in certification fee between domestic and foreign producer. There are also other potential transaction costs that might incur both to domestic producers or importers such as lobbying cost, queuing cost, information cost and even bribery cost. In average, the quantity of imported wheat after the implementation (2002-2006) increased for around forty percent, although during the first two years of the application it experienced a slight decrease. However, the increase in quantity of Imported wheat flour did not very much infiuence its market share in domestic market. Data shows that the market share of imported wheat flour did not experience any increase during 2002-2006. On the other hand, the average productions of domestic industry has fncreased for around fifty percent during 2002-2006, while its market share still take a dominant position with more than eighty percent. Finally, this research show that the increase in production costs and transaction costs due to the application of mandatory SNI is not significance in influencing domestic production/ quantity of import and market share.

Abstrak :
Kebijakan SPS dan TBT tidak hanya mendorong trade-reducing effect dengan meningkatnya biaya perdagangan bagi eksportir namun dapat juga mendorong demand-enhancing effect melalui peningkatan kualitas produk dan keselamatan konsumen. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengestimasi dampak kebijakan non-tarif Indonesia khususnya Sanitary and Phytosanitary dan Technical Barriers to Trade terhadap impor pada periode 2006-2015. Analisa dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode yang dikembangkan Kee et al. 2009 dan hasil estimasi kemudian dikonversi menjadi ad-valorem equivalent AVE untuk melihat dampaknya terhadap harga. Inventory measures menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia memiliki coverage ratio yang cukup tinggi pada sektor produk hewan, produk tumbuhan, makanan dan tekstil. Studi ini menemukan bahwa secara umum kebijakan SPS dan TBT berpengaruh terhadap penuruan impor. Namun, dampaknya dapat berbeda-beda pada level sub-sektor HS 2 digit baik yang bersifat trade-reducing maupun demand-enhancing. ......Technical regulations such as SPS dan TBT measures do not only induce trade reducing effect by rising the exporters trade cost but could be able to induce demand enhancing effect by certifying quality and safety to consumer. The purpose of this study is to estimate the impact of Indonesia non tariff measures, especially Sanitary and Phytosanitary and Technical Barriers to Trade on import for the period 2006 2015. This study employs the method which is developed by Kee et al. 2009 and the estimated results are converted into ad valorem equivalent AVE to identify the price effect. The inventory measures suggest that Indonesia has a substantial coverage ratio on animal product, vegetable product, foodstuff and textile. This study found that SPS and TBT are significantly reduce Indonesian import on agregat level. However, the impact on disagragated level HS 2 digit can be different either trade reducing or demand enhancing.

Abstrak :
Penggunaan kebijakan non-tarif atau non-tariff measures (NTMs) sangat beragam, salah satunya adalah technical barriers to trade (TBT) yang penggunaannya semakin intensif di banyak komoditas atau produk yang diperdagangkan. Salah satu penerapan technical barriers to trade ada pada ekspor tekstil dan produk tekstil, yang notabene merupakan salah satu penyumbang ekspor terbesar di Indonesia. Penelitian ini ingin menganalisis pengaruh dari penerapan kebijakan technical barriers to trade secara keseluruhan terhadap kinerja ekspor tekstil dan produk tekstil Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan unit observasi komoditas tekstil dan produk tekstil ke 10 negara tujuan utama ekspor dengan kode Harmonized System (HS) 4 digit pada tahun 2018 dan pengaplikasian metode estimasi menggunakan Poisson-Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML). Penghitungan intensitas penggunaan TBT akan melalui pendekatan inventoris, yaitu dengan pengukuran menggunakan Coverage Ratio dan Frequency Index, sehingga dapat terlihat dampak intensitas penggunaan TBT terhadap ekspor tekstil dan produk tekstil. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan, penggunaan TBT yang diterapkan negara partner terhadap ekspor tekstil dan produk tekstil Indonesia justru memiliki efek mendorong perdagangan. Sehingga diekspektasikan bahwa penerapan TBT terhadap komoditas tekstil dan produk tekstil memiliki efek peningkatan permintaan. ......The use of non-tariff measures (NTMs) is very diverse, one of which is technical barriers to trade (TBT) whose use is increasingly intensive in many commodities or products being traded. One of the implementations of technical barriers to trade is in the export of textiles and textile products, which incidentally is one of the biggest contributors to exports in Indonesia. This study wants to analyse the effect of the implementation of the overall technical barriers to trade policy on the export performance of Indonesian textiles and textile products. This study uses the observation unit for textile commodities and textile products to the 10 main export destination countries with the 4-digit Harmonized System (HS) code in 2018 and the application of the estimation method using the PoissonPseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML). The calculation of the intensity of use of TBT will be through an inventory approach, namely by measuring using the Coverage Ratio and Frequency Index, so that the impact of the intensity of use of TBT on exports of textiles and textile products can be seen. The results of the study show that overall, the use of TBT by partner countries for exports of Indonesian textiles and textile products has the effect of encouraging trade. So, it is expected that the application of TBT to textile commodities and textile products will have a demand-enhancing effect.

Abstrak :
Delapan belas tahun semenjak World Trade Organization/WTO berdiri, telah banyak kebijakan Perdagangan Internasional Negara-Negara anggota WTO yang dinilai Dispute Settlement Body WTO telah melanggar GATT dan perjanjian-perjanjian WTO lainnya. Salah satunya adalah sengketa rokok kretek Indonesia dengan Amerika Serikat. Pada tanggal 22 Juni 2009, Amerika Serikat mengeluarkan Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, dimana dalam Sec. 907(a)(1)(A) FSPTCA terdapat aturan mengenai larangan peredaran rokok beraroma (Characterized Flavours) di Amerika Serikat, namun mengecualikan rokok mentol dari larangan ini. Indonesia sebagai Negara pengekspor rokok kretek terbesar di Amerika Serikat mengalami kerugian yang sangat besar akibat pemberlakuan Sec.907(a)(1)(A) FSPTCA dan menilai bahwa pemberlakuan Sec. 907 (a)(1)(A) FSPTCA ini telah melanggar ketentuan dalam GATT dan Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. Didalam skripsi ini dibahas bagaimana pengaturan-pengaturan mengenai hambatan teknis (hambatan non tariff) yang terdapat dalam Agreement Technical Barriers to Trade dan kedudukannya didalam WTO. Dan kemudian secara khusus meninjau apakah keberlakuan Sec. 907 (a)(1)(A) FSPTCA ini telah sejalan dengan ketentuan-ketentuan WTO yang terdapat dalam Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.

---

For eighteen year since it is established, the WTO has issued a lot of policies that are deemed by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body to violate GATT and other WTO agreements. One of the said policies are the dispute on kretek / clove cigarettes between Indonesia and the United States of America. In 22nd of June 2009, America has issued an act called Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, where in Section 907 (a)(1)(A) of the act there are rulings about the restriction againts selling characterized flavors cigarrate but excluding methol cigarette from the restriction. As the biggest kretek/clove cigarette exporter in the United States, Indonesia is suffering from a huge loss due to the implementation of the said act specifically Section 907 and assess that this act is a violation towards provision in GATT and Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. This thesis focuses on how the International Trade Law are implemented in general in GATT/WTO and rules regarding technical barrier (non tariffs barrier) that is in the Agreement Technical Barriers to Trade. And this thesis specifically observe whether or not the validity of Section 907 FSPTCA is in line with the WTO provisions that is in Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.

Abstrak :
Dalam perdagangan internasional, salah satu bentuk perlakuan yang wajib diberikan oleh negara anggota World Trade Organization ialah perlakuan berdasarkan prinsip National Treatment. Prinsip National Treatment dapat ditemukan pada berbagai perjanjian multilateral dalam WTO, salah satunya dalam Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. Persetujuan TBT rd. Namun berbeda dengan perjanjian multilateral dalam WTO lainnya, prinsip National Treatment dalam Persetujuan TBT tidak secara eksplisit diatur. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan normatif yuridis, penulis ingin mengetahui lebih lanjut unsur-unsur dari prinsip National Treatment dalam TBT Agreement serta penerapannya pada sengketa yang diselesaikan oleh Dispute Settlement Body-WTO. Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa meskipun tidak diatur secara eksplisit seperti perjanjian lainnya dalam WTO, perlakuan berdasarkan prinsip National Treatment dapat ditemukan pengaturannya dalam Pasal 2.1. Apabila seluruh unsur dalam pasal tersebut terpenuhi akan tercipta perlindungan berdasarkan prinsip National Treatment. Penulis menyarankan perlu adanya dokumen tambahan yang menjelaskan mengenai pengaturan-pengaturan yang tercantum dalam Persetujuan TBT, demi memudahkan penafsiran atas pengaturan tersebut. ...... In intertational trade realm, one of the principles that shall be upheld by World Trade Organization members is the National Treatment principle. National Treatment principle can be easily and explicitly found in numerous of WTO Agreements. But unlike another multilateral agreement in WTO, the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade does not explicitly regulate national treatment principle. This research is conducted with juridical normative approach, which author would like to find out the elements of National Treatment principle in TBT Agreement and its applicability in cases brought before the Dispute Settlement Body WTO. The author concludes that even though we can not find national treatment principle to be explicitly regulated in TBT Agreement, the protection based upon national treatment principle is used in Article 2.1. If every element in Article 2.1 is fulfilled it will create a protection based upon national treatment principle. The author suggests that a creation of document elaborating about the TBT Agreement is needed, as it will help to facilitate the interpretation of TBT Agreement.

Abstrak :
Manufactured transportation related products play a crucial role in country's export. The low level of production capacities on some transportation manufacturing products opened up possibilities for Indonesia to do an import in order to fulfill production process. However, trade policy in the form of Technical Barriers To Trade (TBT) might potentially restrict imports as it is the most imposed chapter of Non-Tariff Measures (NTM) on the transportation manufacturing products. As TBT is a grouping of several variations of technical measures, referred to as subgroups, those subgroups might have different effects on imports of the transportation manufacturing products. Moreover, the difference between production capacities of groups of the transportation manufacturing products could also have different effects related to subgroups of TBT. Our study intends to study the effects of subgroups on the transportation manufacturing products on aggregated and disaggregated levels by groups. Using the estimation method of Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) and the data of HS 6-digits level based on 10 countries from the year of 2014 - 2021, this study found that subgroups of TBT having different effects on the import value of the transportation manufacturing products. Moreover, different subgroups also lead to different effects on disaggregated transportation manufacturing products. ......Produk manufaktur yang berhubungan dengan transportasi memainkan peran penting dalam ekspor Indonesia. Rendahnya kapasitas produksi pada beberapa produk manufaktur transportasi membuka peluang bagi Indonesia untuk melakukan impor dalam rangka memenuhi proses produksi. Namun, kebijakan perdagangan dalam bentuk Hambatan Teknis Perdagangan (Technical Barriers To Trade/TBT) berpotensi membatasi impor karena merupakan bagian yang paling banyak dikenakan dalam Non-Tariff Measures (NTM) pada produk manufaktur transportasi. Karena TBT merupakan pengelompokan dari beberapa variasi tindakan teknis, yang disebut sebagai subkelompok, subkelompok tersebut dapat memiliki efek yang berbeda pada impor produk manufaktur transportasi. Selain itu, perbedaan antara kapasitas produksi kelompok-kelompok produk manufaktur transportasi juga dapat memiliki dampak yang berbeda terkait dengan subkelompok TBT. Studi kami bermaksud untuk mempelajari dampak subkelompok pada produk manufaktur transportasi pada tingkat agregat dan disagregasi berdasarkan kelompok. Dengan menggunakan metode estimasi Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) dan data tingkat HS 6-digit berdasarkan 10 negara dari tahun 2014 - 2021, studi ini menemukan bahwa subkelompok TBT memiliki dampak yang berbeda terhadap nilai impor produk manufaktur transportasi. Selain itu, subkelompok yang berbeda juga menyebabkan efek yang berbeda pada produk manufaktur transportasi terdisagregasi.

Abstrak :
Dalam kerangka perdagangan internasional, penetapan kebijakan standardisasi di suatu negara dapat dipandang sebagai suatu faktor pendorong perdagangan global sekaligus sebagai suatu bentuk hambatan teknis perdagangan. Di Indonesia, kegiatan standardisasi nasional berupa penetapan kebijakan Standar Nasional Indonesia SNI Wajib telah dilakukan sejak tahun 1979. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak penerapan kebijakan SNI Wajib terhadap impor Indonesia dari 5 negara RCEP selama periode 2011-2015 untuk 25 jenis komoditas pada level HS 2 digit. Hasil empiris menunjukkan bahwa dengan menggunakan perhitungan frequency measures, penetapan kebijakan SNI Wajib pada komoditas pertanian dan hasil pertanian akan menurunkan impor sedangkan pada komoditas manufaktur non pertanian akan meningkatkan impor Indonesia. ......In the international trade framework, the establishment of a standardization policy can be viewed as a driving factor in global trade as well as a technical barriers to trade. In Indonesia, the national standardization activities in the form of Mandatory Indonesia National Standard SNI Wajib have been conducted since 1979. This paper aims to analyze the impact of the implementation of SNI Wajib to the value of Indonesia rsquo s import from 5 RCEP countries during the period 2011 ndash 2015 for 25 commodities at the level of 2 digit HS Code. Empirical results indicate that by using frequency measures, the implementation of SNI Wajib is trade restricting for agriculture goods but trade promoting for manufacture goods.