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Abstrak :
This article provides a comprehensive review of the contamination by Butylin compounds (BTa) and its possible implications on the marine and coastal environments of the Philippines....

Abstrak :
Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh TBT dan SPS yang diimplementasikan oleh negara RCEP terhadap ekspor Indonesia. Supaya dampaknya terukur secara efektif, digunakan modifikasi model gravitasi dan metode the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML). Studi ini menghitung frequency index dan coverage ratio untuk kuantifikasi NTM. Penelitian tidak hanya mencakup total ekspor tetapi juga agrikultur dan manufaktur. Estimasi menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh TBT dan SPS berbeda berdasarkan sektor dengan menggunakan data ekspor bilateral dengan periode 2015 hingga 2021 pada HS 2-digit. Hasil utama dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa TBT memiliki dampak negatif terhadap total ekspor, agrikultur dan manufaktur. Namun SPS secara positif mempengaruhi ekspor agrikultur tetapi tidak secara signifikan mempengaruhi total ekspor dan manufaktur. Temuan ini memberikan perspektif lain tentang berbagai dampak TBT dan SPS terhadap perdagangan, khususnya dengan ruang lingkup RCEP. ......This research explores the effect of implementation of TBT and SPS from RCEP countries on Indonesian exports. In order to effectively measure their impact, we utilize a modified version of the gravity model and the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML). The study calculates frequency index and coverage ratio for NTM quantification. The analysis also covers not only total exports but also agriculture and manufacture. Using exports data from 2015 to 2021 at the HS two-digit level, our results show that the effects vary by sector. The key results from our study showed that TBT have negative impacts for total exports, agriculture and manufacture. However, SPS enhances trade in agriculture but not significantly affect total exports and manufacture. The findings provide another perspective on the varying impacts of TBT and SPS on trade, specifically from RCEP countries.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Perdagangan internasional tidak akan dapat terjadi tanpa adanya akses ke pasar domestik dari negara lain. Terbukanya akses pasar ini selain memberikan keuntungan, juga menjadi ancaman baik secara ekonomis maupun secara agamis terutama bagi negara-negara dengan penduduk beragama Islam, salah satunya Indonesia. Sebagaimana diketahui, Indonesia merupakan negara dengan penduduk beragama Islam terbesar di dunia, 87% penduduk Indonesia beragama Islam.

Secara ekonomis, kehadiran produk-produk tersebut menjadi saingan produk-produk lokal, sedangkan secara agamis kehadiran produk-produk tersebut semakin menambah daftar makanan yang disangsikan kehalalannya oleh umat Islam. Sebab, produk-produk tersebut dibuat oleh negara-negara Barat yang sudah terbiasa menggunakan babi dan alkohol dalam proses produksinya.

Demi memberikan perlindungan kepada konsumen-konsumen beragama Islam dari produk-produk yang diragukan kehalalannya, terutama produkdaging sapi impor, maka pemerintah Indonesia membuat seperangkat kebijakan yang bertujuan agar produk-produk daging sapi impor disertifikasi dan dilabelisasi halal sebelum masuk ke pasar Indonesia. Menurut Hukum World Trade Organization, negara-negara anggota dibebaskan untuk membuat kebijakan domestik demi melindungi konsumen maupun pasar dalam negerinya. Perangkat kebijakan ini dapat diberlakukan selama tidak menimbulkan hambatan yang tidak perlu dalam perdagangan internasional.

Penelitian ini membahas mengenai kebijakan-kebijakan sertifikasi dan labelisasi halal yang diberlakukan Indonesia sebagai Technical Barrier to Trade atas daging sapi dan produk daging sapi yang diimpor ke Indonesia, penerapannya dan keselarasannya dengan Agreement on Technical Barrier to Trade atau TBT Agreement World Trade Organization. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sejauh ini, permasalahan sengketa atas produk daging sapi masih minim jumlahnya dan masih bisa diselesaikan.

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ABSTRACT
International trade can not occur without access to domestic markets of other countries. In addition to providing benefits,the opening of this market access also becomes a threat both economically and religiously, especially for countries with a Muslim population, such as Indonesia. As is known, Indonesia is the country with the largest Muslim population in the world, 87 % of Indonesia's population is Muslim.

Economically, the presence of such products is rival with local products, while religiously presence of these products adds to the list of sanctioned halal food by Muslims. Especially since these products are made by Western countries who are already accustomed to using pork and alcohol in the production process.

In order to provide protection to Muslim consumers, especially imported beef products, the Indonesian government established a set of policies that aim products imported beef to be halalcertified before entering into the Indonesian market. According to the Law of the World Trade Organization, member states are free to make domestic policies to protect consumers as well as its domestic market. This policy can be applied as long as not to cause unnecessary obstacles to international trade.

This study discusses the policies of halal certification and labeling imposed by Indonesia as Technical Barrier to Trade on beef and beef products imported to Indonesia, its application and its alignment with the Agreement on Technical Barrier to Trad , or TBT Agreement of the World Trade Organization. The results showed that so far, the problem of a dispute over beef products is still minimal in number and still be resolved.;International trade can not occur without access to domestic markets of other countries. In addition to providing benefits,the opening of this market access also becomes a threat both economically and religiously, especially for countries with a Muslim population, such as Indonesia. As is known, Indonesia is the country with the largest Muslim population in the world, 87 % of Indonesia's population is Muslim. Economically, the presence of such products is rival with local products, while religiously presence of these products adds to the list of sanctioned halal food by Muslims. Especially since these products are made by Western countries who are already accustomed to using pork and alcohol in the production process. In order to provide protection to Muslim consumers, especially imported beef products, the Indonesian government established a set of policies that aim products imported beef to be halalcertified before entering into the Indonesian market. According to the Law of the World Trade Organization, member states are free to make domestic policies to protect consumers as well as its domestic market. This policy can be applied as long as not to cause unnecessary obstacles to international trade. This study discusses the policies of halal certification and labeling imposed by Indonesia as Technical Barrier to Trade on beef and beef products imported to Indonesia, its application and its alignment with the Agreement on Technical Barrier to Trad , or TBT Agreement of the World Trade Organization. The results showed that so far, the problem of a dispute over beef products is still minimal in number and still be resolved.;International trade can not occur without access to domestic markets of other countries. In addition to providing benefits,the opening of this market access also becomes a threat both economically and religiously, especially for countries with a Muslim population, such as Indonesia. As is known, Indonesia is the country with the largest Muslim population in the world, 87 % of Indonesia's population is Muslim. Economically, the presence of such products is rival with local products, while religiously presence of these products adds to the list of sanctioned halal food by Muslims. Especially since these products are made by Western countries who are already accustomed to using pork and alcohol in the production process. In order to provide protection to Muslim consumers, especially imported beef products, the Indonesian government established a set of policies that aim products imported beef to be halalcertified before entering into the Indonesian market. According to the Law of the World Trade Organization, member states are free to make domestic policies to protect consumers as well as its domestic market. This policy can be applied as long as not to cause unnecessary obstacles to international trade. This study discusses the policies of halal certification and labeling imposed by Indonesia as Technical Barrier to Trade on beef and beef products imported to Indonesia, its application and its alignment with the Agreement on Technical Barrier to Trad , or TBT Agreement of the World Trade Organization. The results showed that so far, the problem of a dispute over beef products is still minimal in number and still be resolved., International trade can not occur without access to domestic markets of other countries. In addition to providing benefits,the opening of this market access also becomes a threat both economically and religiously, especially for countries with a Muslim population, such as Indonesia. As is known, Indonesia is the country with the largest Muslim population in the world, 87 % of Indonesia's population is Muslim. Economically, the presence of such products is rival with local products, while religiously presence of these products adds to the list of sanctioned halal food by Muslims. Especially since these products are made by Western countries who are already accustomed to using pork and alcohol in the production process. In order to provide protection to Muslim consumers, especially imported beef products, the Indonesian government established a set of policies that aim products imported beef to be halalcertified before entering into the Indonesian market. According to the Law of the World Trade Organization, member states are free to make domestic policies to protect consumers as well as its domestic market. This policy can be applied as long as not to cause unnecessary obstacles to international trade. This study discusses the policies of halal certification and labeling imposed by Indonesia as Technical Barrier to Trade on beef and beef products imported to Indonesia, its application and its alignment with the Agreement on Technical Barrier to Trad , or TBT Agreement of the World Trade Organization. The results showed that so far, the problem of a dispute over beef products is still minimal in number and still be resolved.]

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Perdagangan Internasional merupakan suatu hal yang tidak dapat dihindari di era globalisasi ini, setiap negara memiliki ketentuan yang berbeda dalam kaitanya dengan perdagangan internasional, salah satunya adalah Perlindungan terkait dengan Publik Moral yang diatur dalam pengecualian umum Pasal XX a GATT. Indonesia sebagai negara dengan mayoritas penduduk muslim memiliki kepentingan dalam memberikan perlindungan moral terhadap masyarakatnya melalui jaminan produk halal meliputi proses sertifikasi dan labelisasi halal. Dalam Sengketa No 484 antara Brasil dan Indonesia terkait larangan impor ayam dan produk ayam, penerapan sertifikasi dan labelisasi halal dianggap bertentangan dengan ketentuan pasal III:4 GATT terkait dengan national treatment, serta jaminan halal dan ketentuan SPS. Namun, disisi lain sertifikasi dan labelisasi halal juga erat kaitanya dengan pengaturan perjanjian TBT karena mengatur masalah teknis dari suatu produk. Hasil dari penulisan ini dapat ditarik beberapa kesimpulan. Pertama, Penerapan sertifikasi dan labelisasi dalam perdagangan internasional merupakan suatu hal yang harus dilindungi yang erat kaitanya dengan moral publik. Kedua, Penerapan sertifikasi dan Labelisasi halal tidaklah bertentangan dengan ketentuan Perdagangan Internasional tentang Pasal III:4 GATT terkait national treatment, serta pengaturan terkait labelisasi seperti perjanjian TBT dan perjanjian tekait seperi Perjanjian SPS. Dari permasalahan diatas dapat diamati bahwa perlu adanya suatu pengaturan khusus terkait dengan Sertifikasi dan labelisasi halal dalam ketentuan WTO dan Pengaturan yang lebih jelas dalam Peraturan Perundang-Undangan.

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ABSTRACT
International Trade is a thing that cannot be avoided in this era of globalization, each country has different provisions in relation to international trade, one of which is the Moral provision set in the general exception under Article XX a GATT. Indonesia as the world 39 s largest Muslim country has an interest in providing moral justice to its people through a halal guarantee through the process of certification and halal labeling. In Dispute number 484 between Brazil and Indonesia concerning the prohibition of chicken and chicken products importation, the implementation of halal certification and labeling is considered contrary to the provisions under Article III 4 GATT is related to national treatment and the provisions of halal and SPS provisions. However, on the other hand halal certification and labeling are also closely related to TBT agreement due to the technical problem requirements of a product. The results of this writing can be drawn some conclusions. First, the application of certification and labeling in international trade is a matter that must be protected which is closely related to public morality. Second, the implementation of Halal Certification and Labeling with the provisions of International Trade on Terms and Conditions. From the above obstacles can be observed the need for a special arrangement related to Halal Certification and Labeling in the provisions of the WTO and the more clear arrangements in the Laws and Regulations.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi Ad Valorem Equivalent (AVE) dari 20 negara partner dagang terbesar Indonesia sebagai dampak adanya penerapan kebijakan Non Tariff, khususnya Sanitary Phytosanitary (SPS) dan Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT) dalam kurun waktu tahun 2007-2016. AVE dapat diartikan sebagai tarif implisit yang dikeluarkan oleh produsen dalam rangka memenuhi persyaratan kebijakan SPS dan TBT. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini melalui pendekatan quantity impact approach kemudian hasil estimasi pada HS level 2 digit ditransformasi menjadi AVE untuk dibandingkan terhadap tarif impor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebanyak 9 negara memiliki AVE SPS dan TBT negatif dan 11 negara memiliki AVE positif. Hal tersebut menunjukkan adanya perbedaan dampak penerapan kebijakan SPS dan TBT yang dapat bersifat trade impeding effect dan demand enhancing effect. Apabila dikaitkan pendapatan perkapita negara, secara umum terdapat hubungan negatif antara pendapatan perkapita dengan AVE. Adanya motif proteksionisme dari Pemerintah dapat terlihat dari tingginya nilai AVE dibandingkan tarif MFN pada sektor-sektor tertentu. ......This study aims to estimate the Ad Valorem Equivalent (AVEs) of the 20 largest trading partner countries of Indonesia as a result of the implementation of the Non-Tariff Measures, especially Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT) and Sanitary Phytosanitary (SPS) in the period 2007-2016. AVE can be interpreted as an implicit tax issued by producers in order to meet the SPS and TBT policy requirements. The method used in this research is the quantity impact approach and then the estimation results at the 2 digit HS level are transformed into AVE to be compared to import tariffs. The results showed as many as 9 countries had AVE SPS and TBT negative and 11 countries had AVE positive. This shows that there are differences in the impact of implementing SPS and TBT policies that can be trade impeding effects and demand enhancing effects. As related to income per capita, in general there is a negative relationship between income per capita with AVE. The existence of protectionist motives from the Government can be seen from the high value of AVE compared to MFN rates in certain sectors.

Abstrak :
Dalam upaya menjaga lingkungan, Uni Eropa memberlakukan peraturan Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001 (RED II). Gagasan perubahan penggunaan lahan tidak langsung (ILUC), yang membatasi perdagangan minyak sawit mentah (CPO) sementara barang domestik setara lainnya bebas dari pengurangan tersebut, akan menjadi area utama di mana penulis menilai bagaimana RED II diskriminatif terhadap perdagangan Indonesia. dari CPO. Indonesia meminta WTO untuk menyelidiki apakah RED II sesuai dengan komitmen internasional yang digariskan dalam WTO setelah kebijakan ini diumumkan. Penulis akan mengkaji non-diskriminasi berdasarkan hukum WTO, terutama berdasarkan persyaratan Pasal 2.1, 2.2 Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) serta Pasal I:1 dan III:4 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994 bersama dengan kasus hukum WTO terkait. Dengan menggunakan data sekunder dan sumber pustaka, dalam penelitian ini digunakan teknik yuridis-normatif. Kesimpulan dari analisis ini menunjukkan bahwa RED II melanggar kewajiban non-diskriminasi berdasarkan GATT dan TBT karena memperlakukan item yang sebanding secara berbeda, yang menghasilkan perlakuan yang kurang menguntungkan dan kemungkinan persaingan yang tidak merata untuk CPO. ......In an effort to safeguard the environment, the European Union enacted the Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001 (RED II) regulation. The idea of indirect land use change (ILUC), which restricts trade toward crude palm oil (CPO) while other domestically equivalent goods are free from such reduction, will be the main area in which the authors assess how RED II is discriminatory toward Indonesian trade of CPO. Indonesia asked the WTO to investigate whether RED II complies with the international commitments outlined in the WTO after this policy was announced. The author will examine non-discrimination under WTO law, especially based on the requirements of Articles 2.1, 2.2, of the Technical Barriers to Trade as well as Articles I: 1 and III:4 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994, along with pertinent WTO case law. Using secondary data and library resources, the juridical-normative technique is being used for this research. The conclusion of this analysis demonstrates that RED II does break the non-discrimination duties based on GATT and TBT since it treats comparable items differently, which results in less favorable treatment and uneven possibilities for competition for CPO.

Abstrak :
ISPO sebagai suatu standar minyak kelapa sawit berkelanjutan dibuat untuk menjawab permintaan pasar dunia untuk minyak kelapa sawit yang berkelanjutan di tengah kontroversi yang beredar tentang produk tersebut, terutama dari aspek lingkungan. Dikarenakan standar sebagai salah satu jenis hambatan teknis terhadap perdagangan internasional diatur oleh Perjanjian TBT, ISPO semestinya dinilai dengan mengacu pada perjanjian tersebut dan juga kasus-kasus lainnya yang relevan dengan standar. ISPO juga bukan merupakan satu-satunya standar yang ada yang berlaku terhadap minyak kelapa sawit dengan adanya MSPO dan RSPO sebagai standar lainnya. ISPO mempunyai posisi yang tidak jelas sebagai suatu hambatan teknis, karena walaupun ia dapat dikatakan sebagai suatu standar atau regulasi teknis, ia tidak berlaku untuk produsen minyak kelapa sawit di luar Indonesia akibat isi aturan di dalamnya dan juga keterkaitannya yang erat dengan peraturan perundang-undangan Indonesia, sehingga juga menghambat adopsi ISPO sebagai suatu standar internasional yang relevan menurut Perjanjian TBT untuk minyak kelapa sawit
ISPO as a standard for sustainable palm oil was formulated to answer the demand of the international market for sustainable palm oil in the light of the controversies associated with the product, especially of enviromental issues. As standards as a technical barrier to international trade are regulated untder the premises of the TBT Agreement, ISPO must be assessed with the aforementioned agreement as well with relevant cases concerning standards. ISPO is not the only standard applicable for sustainable palm oil as MSPO and RSPO are present as standards regulating the same product. ISPO's position as a technical barrier to trade is uncertain, as one of ISPO’s main concern is that it is not applicable to foreign palm oil producers outside of Indonesia due to its content and deep connection with Indonesian regulations, impacting the viability of adopting ISPO as a relevant international standard for palm oil under the premises of the TBT Agreement.

Abstrak :
Tarif Bea Masuk Antisubsidi (BMAS) ditetapkan oleh Komisi Eropa adalah 8% sampai dengan 18% terhadap biodesel dari Indonesia. Berdasarkan kebijakan Renewable Energi Directive II dan aturan pelaksananya (Delegated Act) yang dibentuk oleh Uni Eropa, Indonesia mengalami kerugian terhadap demand pasar dan ketersedian jumlah stok crude palm oil (biodesel). Dalam RED II dan Delegated Act terdapat ILUC untuk target energi terbarukan pada sektor transportasi. Berdasakan ILCU tersebut, biodesel dikategorikan sebagai ILUC rendah yang akan dikurangi melakukan impor untuk target energi terbarukan di Uni Eropa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu penelitan yuridis normatif. Dampak selama 5 tahun terakhir membuat jumlah ekspor biodesel terus menurun. Proses rekonsialisi penyelesaian sengketa dalam pengenaan BMAS yaitu mengenai tinjauan kembali terhadap aturan SCM, TBT, GATT 1994. Pemerintah Indonesia harus mencari alternatif mengkspor pangsa pasar negara tujuan lain agar penyerapan terhadap biodesel dalam negeri tidak berlebihan. ......The anti-subsidized import duty rate (BMAS) set by the European Commission is 8% to 18% for biodiesel from Indonesia. Based on the Renewable Energi Directive II policy and its implementing regulations (Delegated Act) established by the European Union, Indonesia has suffered losses to market demand and the availability of crude palm oil (biodiesel) stocks. There is an ILUC for renewable energi targets in the transportation sector in RED II and the Delegated Act. Based on the ILCU, biodiesel categorized as a low ILUC, which will reduce imports for renewable energi targets in the European Union. The research method used is normative juridical research. The impact during the last five years has made the number of biodiesel exports continue to decline. The reconciliation process of dispute resolution in the imposition of BMAS is regarding a review of the SCM, TBT, GATT 1994 regulations. The Indonesian government must seek alternatives to export the market share of other destination countries so that the absorption of domestic biodiesel is not excessive.

Abstrak :
This paper explores major dispute cases on issues of human life and health handled by wto panels and appellate body.....