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Abstrak :
Logam tantalum dan niobium dikategorikan sebagai logam refraktori yang mana banyak dibutuhkan dalam dunia industri tetapi sayngnya keberadan kedua logam ini kembali masuk kedalam kategori critical raw materials. Berdasarkan ketersediaan sumber, terak timah dapat dijadikan sebagai alternatif untuk mendapatkan logam tantalum dan niobium. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan rangkaian proses untuk mneningkatkan kadar niobium dan tantalum dalam terak timah yang memiliki kadar awal 0,23 dan Nb sebesar 0,47, dengan melakukan pemanggangan 2 jam di suhu 900 C, dilanjutkan dengan pelindian NaOH 8 M, dan terakhir dilakukan pelindian asam dengan menambahkan variasi konsentrasi H3PO4 pada larutan HNO3 dikondisi atmosferik. Dari hasil pemanggangan didapatkan ada kerenggangan antar partikel dan terjadi aglomerasi.pada partikel. Pelindian NaOH dapat melarutkan senyawa Si, Al, Fe dan Zr. Kadar optimal yang dihasilkan dari pelindian campuran HNO3 2 M: H3PO4 1,5 M dengan nilai kadar untuk tantalum dan niobium adalah secara berturut-turut 0,9 dan 1,54.

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Tantalum and niobium are categorized as refractory metal, which needed in many industries. Unfortunately, both of this metals are categorized as critical raw material. Due to the supply of source, tin slag can be considered ad alternative source of tantalum and niobium. The aim of this research is to upgrade the grade of niobium and tantalum of tin slag which have initial grade 0,23 Ta2O5 and 0,47 Nb2O5, with roasting at 900 C for 2 hour, continued by NaOH 8 M leaching, and acid leaching with adding variation concentration of H3PO4 on HNO3. The result showed that there is loosing among particles and also aglomeration of particles. NaOH leaching would dissolve the impurities such as Si, Al, Fe, and Zr. The optimal grade of Ta and Nb was reached by the leaching 2M HNO3 1,5 M H3PO4 with 0.9 Ta and 1,54 Nb.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Logam tantalum dan niobium merupakan logam yang sumbernya termasuk ke dalam kategori critical in mid term. Terak timah merupakan limbah yang dapat dijadikan sebagai sumber cadangan kedua. Dalam penelitian ini akan dilihat pengaruh pemanggangan pada 700 oC serta pengaruh variasi konsentrasi larutan NaOH dan HCl sebagai larutan lindi, sampel terak timah yang digunakan berasal dari Indonesia dengan kadar 0,33% Ta2O5 dan 0,64% Nb2O5. Pengujian XRF digunakan untuk melihat perubahan kadar Ta2O5 dan Nb2O5 setelah proses pemanggangan dan pelindian. Hasil pemanggangan didapatkan distribusi massa terbanyak pada ukuran mesh +100 dan terjadi peningkatan kadar Ta2O5 dan Nb2O5 berturut-turut meningkat sebanyak 21,1% dan 37,5%. Kadar yang dihasilkan dari pelindian dengan 4 M NaOH meningkat sebanyak 3,48 dan 1,75 kali lipat dari Ta2O5 dan Nb2O5 awal. Secara keseluruhan rangkaian penelitian khususnya setelah pelindian HCl memperoleh peningkatan kadar mencapai 1,51% Ta2O5 pada 1 M HCl dan 1,41% Nb2O5 pada 4 M HCl. ABSTRACT
The source of tantalum and niobium were known include as critical in mid term. The tin slag is a waste which could be a secondary resource. This research to found the effect of 700 oC roasting and concentration variable of NaOH and HCl solution as leaching reagent, the sample used Indonesian tin slag which have initial grade 0.33% Ta2O5 dan 0.64% Nb2O5.The change of Ta2O5 and Nb2O5 grades were determined by XRF test after roasting and leaching. The highest mass distribution on +100 mesh as the roasting result and the grades were increased 21.1% and 37.5% for Ta2O5 and Nb2O5. The results of leaching 4 M NaOH were increased of about 3.48 and 1.75 times from initial grade. From the whole of results, especially after HCl leaching were increased to 1.51% Ta2O5 on 1 M HCl and 1.41% Nb2O5 on 4 M HCl. ;The source of tantalum and niobium were known include as critical in mid term. The tin slag is a waste which could be a secondary resource. This research to found the effect of 700 oC roasting and concentration variable of NaOH and HCl solution as leaching reagent, the sample used Indonesian tin slag which have initial grade 0.33% Ta2O5 dan 0.64% Nb2O5.The change of Ta2O5 and Nb2O5 grades were determined by XRF test after roasting and leaching. The highest mass distribution on +100 mesh as the roasting result and the grades were increased 21.1% and 37.5% for Ta2O5 and Nb2O5. The results of leaching 4 M NaOH were increased of about 3.48 and 1.75 times from initial grade. From the whole of results, especially after HCl leaching were increased to 1.51% Ta2O5 on 1 M HCl and 1.41% Nb2O5 on 4 M HCl. , The source of tantalum and niobium were known include as critical in mid term. The tin slag is a waste which could be a secondary resource. This research to found the effect of 700 oC roasting and concentration variable of NaOH and HCl solution as leaching reagent, the sample used Indonesian tin slag which have initial grade 0.33% Ta2O5 dan 0.64% Nb2O5.The change of Ta2O5 and Nb2O5 grades were determined by XRF test after roasting and leaching. The highest mass distribution on +100 mesh as the roasting result and the grades were increased 21.1% and 37.5% for Ta2O5 and Nb2O5. The results of leaching 4 M NaOH were increased of about 3.48 and 1.75 times from initial grade. From the whole of results, especially after HCl leaching were increased to 1.51% Ta2O5 on 1 M HCl and 1.41% Nb2O5 on 4 M HCl. ]

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Terak timah II merupakan hasil samping pengolahan timah yang mengandung kuarsa, rutile, hematit, zirkonium oksida, alumunium oksida, kalsium oksida, tantalum oksida, niobium oksida. Terak timah memiliki kadar tantalum oksida dan niobium oksida sebesar 0,33 dan 0,64 . Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan ekstraksi tantalum dan niobium dari terak timah II menggunakan metode leaching bertahap. Setelah dilakukan leaching awal terak timah II menggunakan natrium hidroksida 6 M kemudian dilakukan penambahan asam klorida 3,25 M dan didiamkan selama 15 menit pada suhu 50oC. Setelah itu dilakukan leaching lanjutan menggunakan asam fluorida dengan variasi konsentrasi didapatkan konsentrasi asam fluorida optimum sebesar 4 M dengan konsetrasi tantalum dan niobium sebesar 3,879 ppm dan 23,109 ppm dan dengan pengotor dominan besi sebesar 99,879 ppm. Dalam penelitian ini juga dilakukan isolasi katekin dari daun teh hijau Camellia sinensis. Katekin tersebut akan digunakan sebagai agen pengompleks agar logam tantalum dan niobium maupun logam pengotor yang terdapat dalam terak timah II dapat diekstraksi. Namun pada hasil penelitian dapat dilihat bahwa katekin lebih cenderung berikatan dengan besi yang merupakan pengotor pada terak timah II dibanding tantalum dan niobium terlihat dari penurunan kadar besi sebesar 12 menjadi 87,665 ppm, tantalum sebesar 1,5 menjadi 3,819 ppm serta niobium sebesar 2,1 menjadi 23,060 ppm.

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ABSTRACT
Tin slag II is a by product of tin processing which contains quartz, rutile, hematite, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, calcium oxide, tantalum oxide, and niobium oxide.Tin slag II has tantalum oxide and niobium oxide levels of 0.33 and 0.64 , respectively. In this research, the extractions of Tantalum and Niobium from tin slag II were performed using gradual leaching method with 6 M sodium hydroxide followed by addition of 3.25 M hydrochloric acid and the resultant mixtures was left for 15 minutes at 50oC. Then, the leaching was continued using fluoride acid with variated concentration, this resulted in optimum concentration of fluoride at 4 M with concentration of tantalum and niobium of 3,879 ppm and 23,109 ppm and most dominant impurities constituent iron of 99,879 ppm. The isolation of catechin from green tea leaf Camellia sinensis was conducted as well. Isolated catechin was used as a complexing agent for tantalum and niobium so that the impurities in tin slag II can be more easily extracted. However, from the results in the research it can be seen that the catechins are more likely to bind to iron which is impurities on tin slag II compared to tantalum and niobium, based on decrease in iron concentration by 12 to 87.665 ppm, tantalum of 1.5 to 3.819 ppm, and niobium of 2,1 to 23,060 ppm.

Abstrak :
Logam tantalum dan niobium merupakan logam bernilai ekonomi tinggi yang banyak dimanfaatkan dalam berbagai aplikasi terutama sebagai kapasitor dan paduan pada baja paduan super, tetapi keberadaan logam ini digolongkan ke dalam 14 critical materials. Terak timah hasil dari proses peleburan konsentrat bijih timah merupakan mineral yang memiliki potensi sebagai sumber sekunder dalam pengolahan logam tantalum dan niobium. Penelitian ini berfokus pada peningkatan kadar unsur tantalum dan niobium dari terak timah PT Timah Tbk dengan kadar Ta 0,23 dan Nb 0,47 melalui metode pelindian NaOH dan variasi konsentrasi asam fosfat. Sebelum proses pelindian, sampel terak timah dilakukan pemanggangan pada temperatur 900 oC selama 2 jam dan pendinginan cepat dalam media air untuk melihat morfologi struktur yang memiliki celah antar butir, dikarakterisasi dengan SEM. Kemudian, dilakukan pelindian menggunakan NaOH dan H3PO4, dimana masing-masing residunya dikarakterisasi dengan XRF sementara filtrat hasil pelindian dikarakterisasi dengan AAS dan ICP-OES. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelindian NaOH dapat menurunkan kadar unsur pengotor Fe, Ca, Ti, Al pada residu serta diperoleh kadar Ta tertinggi sebesar 0,85 pada pelindian H3PO4 0.5 M dan kadar Nb tertinggi sebesar 1,45 pada pelindian H3PO4 1.0 M.

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Tantalum and niobium metal are high value metals that widely used in various applications, especially as capacitors and alloys in super alloy steel, but the presence of these metals is classified into 14 critical materials. Tin slag that produced from tin ore concentrate smelting process is a mineral that has a potential as a secondary source in the processing of tantalum and niobium. This study focuses on upgrading of tantalum and niobium content from tin slag PT Timah Tbk with content of Ta is 0.23 and Nb 0,47 by NaOH leaching process and variable concentration of phosphoric acid as a leaching agent. Before leaching process, the tin slag sample was roasted at 900 C for 2 hours and water quenching to observe the morphology of gap between the grains, characterized by SEM. Then, leaching was done using NaOH and H3PO4, where each residue was characterized by XRF while the leaching filtrate was characterized by AAS and ICP OES. The results showed that NaOH leaching could decrease the content of Fe, Ca, Ti, Al on residues and obtained the highest Ta content of 0.85 in leaching H3PO4 0.5 M and the highest Nb content of 1.45 in leaching H3PO4 1.0 M.

Abstrak :
Unsur transisi merupakan unsur yang terdapat pada golongan 3-12. Unsur transisi ini memiliki bilangan oksidasi yang bervariasi. Dengan adanya hal tersebut menyebabkan unsur transisi memiliki kemampuan sebagai katalis yang baik dan memiliki kemampuan penyerapan zat pada permukaan yang baik. Selain unsur transisi juga terdapat Logam Tanah Jarang LTJ . Unsur LTJ terdapat pada deret lanthanida dan juga Yttrium Y dan Scandium Sc .Terak timah merupakan limbah slag dari proses peleburan timah. Terak timah yang digunakan yaitu terak timah I. Terak timah dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mendapatkan mineral berharga seperti Tantalum Pentaoksida Ta2O5 dan Niobium Pentaoksida Nb2O5 dan LTJ. Proses diawali dengan pemanggangan, pencelupan pada larutan NaOH 0.5M. Kadar Ta2O5 dan Nb2O5 mengalami penurunan setelah proses pemanggangan. Setelah itu dilakukann proses pelindian menggunakan larutan pelindi HCl dengan konsentrasi 4M, 6M dan 8M. Kadar dari mineral pengikut mengalami penurunan tetapi kadar dari Ta2O5, Nb2O5, Ce2O3 serta La2O3 juga mengalami penurunan.

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Transition elements or transition metal is an element contained in group 3 to 12 on the table periodic. The transition elements have two or more oxidation numbers. Given this causes the transition elements have the ability as a good catalyst, and has the ability absorption on the surface of the well. On the otherhand there is also a Rare Earth Elements REE . Rare Earth Elements are in series lanthanida and Yttrium Y and Scandium Sc . Tin slag is a waste from the lead smelting process. Tin slag has a valuable mineral that can be used as Tantalum Pentoxide Ta2O5 , Niobium Pentoxide Nb2O5 and Rare Earth Element REE . In this research, leaching is a process used to increase grade of Ta2O, Nb2O5 and REE Cerium Ce and Lanthanum La in tin slag. This research to found effect of roasting on 900 C, effect of using sodium hydroxide NaOH as a quenching agent and effect of variation chloride acid HCl concentration as leaching agent. The roasting result was obtained highest mass distribution on 100 and use to leaching process. But grade of Ta2O5, Nb2O5 and REE after roasting process was decreased. The result of leaching in variation concentration 4M, 6M, and 8M grade of gangue minerals was decreased but Ta2O5, Nb2O5 and REE also decreased.

Abstrak :
Tantalum dan Niobium masuk kedalam logam critical in mid term yang diperkirakan akan habis pada tahun 2020. Berdasarkan ketersediaan sumber, terak timah dapat menjadi sumber alternatif untuk mendapatkan logam tantalum dan niobium dalam bentuk Tantalum Pentaoksida Ta2O5 dan Niobium Nb2O5 . Di terak timah juga mengandung Logam Tanah Jarang LTJ oksida yang dapat ditingkatkan kadarnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan kadar Tantalum, Niobium dan LTJ dengan menggunakan proses pelindian dengan variabel bebas temperatur pelindian Terak timah dilakukan pemanggangan di temperatur 900 C selama 2 jam lalu didinginkan dengan cepat menggunakan larutan NaOH 0.5 M, kemudian dilakukan pengayakan dengan ukuran 100, minus;100 120, minus;120 180. Setelah itu dilakukan pelinidan dengan menggunakan larutan HCl 6 M, S/L 1:30, dan lama pelindian ialah 50 menit. Pelindian dilakukan dengan variabel bebas yaitu temperatur pelindian. Temperatur pelindian yang digunakan ialah 25 , 45 , 65 C. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan setelah pemanggangan dan pendinginan cepat distribusi ukuran terbanyak di ukuran 100 dan terjadi penurunan kadar Tantalum, Niobium, dan LTJ. Hasil pelindian menunjukan semakin tinggi temperatur maka kadar Tantalum, Niobium, dan LTJ di terak timah meningkat, didapatkan temperatur optimun pelindian di 45 C dengan peningkatan sebesar 240 untuk Niobium dan 164.3 untuk Tantalum.

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Tantalum and Niobium were known include as critical in mid term, expected to be exhausted in 2020. Based on availability sources, Tin Slag can be an alternative source for Tantalum Pentaoxide Ta2O5 , Niobium Pentaoxide Nb2O5 and Rare Earth Elements REE. This research aimed to find out effect of effect Natrium Hydroxide as quenching media and leaching process with variable of temperatur leaching for increasing Tantalum, Nobium, and REE oxides grade with leaching process. Tin slang roasted at 900 C for two hours and quenched in NaOH 0.5 M, the sieved to the size of 100, minus 100 120, minus 120 180. Leaching process with Chloride Acid 6 M, S L 1 30, and leached for 50 minutes. The leaching variable temperature used were 25 , 45 , 65 C. The roasting and quencheds result showed the highest mass distribution at 100 and the grade were decreased. The result of leaching, higher temperature leaching then Tantalum, Niobium, and REE oxides grade increased. The optimum temperature was 45 C, increased 240 for Niobium and 164.3 for Tantalum.

Abstrak :
Terak timah merupakan produk sampingan hasil proses pengolahan dan peleburan bijih timah di mana mengandung banyak mineral berharga, antara lain tantalum dan niobium. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh konsenstrasi larutan HNO3 sebagai pelindi terhadap peningkatan kadar tantalum pentoksida dan niobium pentoksida dalam terak timah. Terak timah yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah terak timah I Indonesia dengan kandungan 0.30 Ta2O5 dan 0.58 Nb2O5. Pemanggangan pada temperatur 900 C dan pencelupan dengan media larutan NaOH dilakukan terhadap terak timah, kemudian analisa XRF. Hasil analisa menunjukkan terak timah ukuran butir 100 dengan kadar 0.10 Ta2O5 dan 0.20 Nb2O5 memiliki kadar senyawa pengikut paling sedikit sebesar 62.70 . Keseluruhan penelitian memperoleh kadar Ta2O5 tertinggi sebesar 0.35 pada terak timah hasil pelindian HNO3 8 M dan kadar Nb2O5 tertinggi sebesar 0.67 pada terak timah hasil pelindian HNO3 6 M.

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Tin slag is a byproduct result of processing and smelting of tin ore which contains many valuable minerals, including tantalum and niobium. This research aims to look the effect of concentration of HNO3 solution as leaching reagent to increase the content of tantalum pentoxide and niobium pentoxide in tin slag. Tin slag used in this research was Indonesian tin I slag containing 0.30 Ta2O5 and 0.58 Nb2O5. Roasting at temperature of 900 C and quenching with NaOH solution were done to the tin slag, then XRF analysis. The analysis showed tin slag grain size 100 with grades of 0.10 Ta2O5 and 0.20 Nb2O5 had the least grade of adherent compounds in the amount of 62.70 . Overall the research obtained the highest grade of Ta2O5 in the amount of 0.35 in tin slag leached with HNO3 8 M and the highest grade of Nb2O5 0.67 in tin slag leached with HNO3 6 M.