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Abstrak :
This introductory book describes the initial (first) level of studying the theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) from the series TRIZ from A to Z, and presents the most general methods for solving inventive problems and generating new ideas. Chapter 1 examines traditional technologies for problem solving, based on trial and error. Chapter 2 describes the general concept of TRIZ, while Chapter 3 explains the main notions of system approaches, like system thinking, system and its hierarchy, system effect, emergency, synergetic effect and systematicity. In turn, Chapter 4 describes the notion of ideality and Chapter 5 addresses the notion of resources, their types, and methods for using them. Chapter 6 acquaints readers with one of the most important aspects of TRIZ: contradiction. Chapter 7 describes the inventive principles, while Chapter 8 includes descriptions of the systems of trends proposed by G. Altshuller and the author. In closing, the author makes recommendations on how to most effectively use TRIZ tools, on how readers can improve their knowledge, skills and habits concerning the use of TRIZ, and on how they can hone their inventive thinking skills. The book also features Appendices that include analyses of selected problems, a list of the main websites related to TRIZ, and lists of examples, problems, illustrations, tables and formulae.

Abstrak :
Studi ini untuk melihat bagaimana proses terbentuk dan berkembangnya masyarakat blogger. Selain itu, studi ini juga bermaksud menelaah struktur, mekanisme, dan dinamika yang terjadi pada masyarakat blogger, termasuk di dalamnya perilaku individual dan komunitas blogger. Ide-ide teoretik Niklas Luhmann tentang sistem sosial menjadi perangkat analisis untuk melihat rumusan masalah yang ingin dijawab. Sistem mengacu pada pembedaan apa yang disebut sistem dan bukan sistem (lingkungan), dengan melihat batas-batas yang dibuat secara mandiri. Masyarakat blogger dipandang sebagai sistem komunikatif. Struktur sosial yang dikembangkan oleh sistem sosial masyarakat blogger untuk menyelesaikan problem kontingensi ganda dalam komunikasi, menunjukkan beberapa pola. Masyarakat blogger juga dipandang sebagai sistem autopoietic, yang bekerja secara simultan dan otonom dengan sistem psikis individu blogger yang sama sama sistem autopoietic. Hasil kerja tersebut memungkinkan terjadinya akumulasi makna-makna yang terbentuk. Pada suatu titik tertentu, akumulasi makna-makna ini akan membuahkan trust pada sistem komunikatif sekaligus dengan confidence yang juga muncul pada sistem psikis. Sistem sosial melakukan differensiasi dengan kemunculan subsistem-subsistem baru yang membuat pembeda dengan apa yang bukan subsistemnya. Dalam kaitan dengan norma dan komunitas yang terbentuk, komunitas dipandang sebagai sistem organisasi. Sistem organisasi mereduksi kompleksitas lingkungan dengan mengorganisasikan para blogger. Masyarakat blogger melakukan segmentary differentiation, stratification differentiation, dan functional differentiation pada sistemnya untuk mempercepat evolusi sistem sosial. Fenomena pada masyarakat blogger mencirikan fenomena kelas menengah pada masyarakat nyata, dan sistem komunikatif masyarakat blogger tidak dapat dilepaskan dari sistem-sistem yang bekerja di dunia nyata. Dengan mencoba memprediksi masa depan, dengan lebih mementingkan pada hakikat content, blog akan terus menjadi tren yang makin biasa dalam masyarakat nyata. Secara umum, proses terbentuk dan berkembangnya masyarakat blogger berikut struktur, mekanisme dan dinamikanya, merupakan sebuah bangunan sistem mandiri yang sedang dan terus berevolusi, serta memiliki ragam potensi yang bermanfaat bagi kehidupan sosial.

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This study focuses for viewing the process of formed and developed of blogger community. Besides that, this study also views about the structure, mechanism, and dynamics that happen in blogger community, including individual and group behavior of blogger. Niklas Luhmann?s conception about social systems is used as analytical tool for answering the problem of this study. A System refers to differences of what it is called system and not-system (environment), by observing the boundaries that are made itself. Blogger community is viewed as communicative system. Social structure which developed by blogger community`s social system for solving double contingency problem in communication, shows many patterns. Blogger community is also viewed as autopoietic system, which simultaneous and autonomously works with psychic system of blogger`s individual. They are both autopoietic systems. The work result of these systems make a possibility for meaning accumulation that is formed. At one certain point, these meaning accumulation will make trust in communicative system and emerging confidence in psychic system. Social system differentiates itself by emerging new subsystems which make a difference among its non-subsystems. In the relation between norms and formed community, the community is viewed as organizational system. It reduces environment?s complexity by organizing bloggers. Blogger community did something that is called a segmentary differentiation, stratification differentiation, and functional differentiation at its system for accelerating social system?s evolution. Blogger community`s phenomenon characterized middle class phenomenon in real society, and communicative system that worked at blogger community cannot be cut from worked systems in real society. By trying to predict the future, by focusing on content, blog will be continuously a trend that familiar in the real society. Generally, the process of formed and developed of blogger community including structure, mechanism, and dynamics, they are an autonomous system building that have been doing and always evolves. They also have variety of capacity which can useful for social life.