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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Sweet sorghum is a kind of sorghum that contains high content of sugar in its stem. Sweet sorghum has a big potential to be developed in Indonesia owing to its wide adaptation and the fact that it can be used as raw material for liquid sugar, syrup, ethanol, and also as animal feed. Sweet sorghum has not been developed in Indonesia because of lack of a sweet sorghum variety. Improvement of available sweet sorghum genotype can be done among others through plant breeding program. First step on the plant breeding program is to increase the plant genetic variability. This might be done by introduction of varieties or by breeding to create new varieties. Induced mutation using Gamma irradiation can be used to increase the genetic variability of sweet sorghum. Mutation breeding using Gamma irradiation in sweet sorghum was aimed at improving the yield and quality of sweet sorghum. This research was conducted to study the effect of Gamma irradiation on sweet sorghum growth in the M1 generation, and to estimate the optimal dose range suitably for the breeding program. Beside, the objective of this research was to evaluate the genetic variability for the purpose of plant selection in the M2 generation. Plant materials consisted of 2 sweet sorghum lines introduced from ICRISAT namely line No. 79 and No. 83. Non-saccharin sorghum of local variety Fiigari was used as a control. The doses of Gamma irradiation treatment were 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 Gy. The Ml plants were sown in greenhouse at PATIR-BATAN Jakarta, and then were transplanted in the experimental field at Balitbiogen, Bogor. The M2 plants were grown in the experimental field at Lubang Buaya, Jakarta. Important agronomic traits such as plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike were observed. The results indicated that sorghum lines gave different response to Gamma irradiation, and all measured variables were significantly affected. Irradiation gave morphology and physiology damages on sorghum like abnormality, sterility, and lethality in the Ml generation. The increase of irradiation doses increased physiological damage. Effective doses of Gamma irradiation for sweet sorghum was to be around 400-500 Gy, and the lethal doses 50% of sweet sorghum was around 800-1000 Gy. Putative mutation sometimes could be observed in the M2 generation. The treatment of Gamma increased genetic variability of plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike. The highest genetic variability was found in the dose treatment of 200-300 Gy. Within this interval dose, there might be high probability to find desirable mutants for further breeding purpose. A number of 38 plants had been selected from the M2 population as putative mutants.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Sweet sorghum is a kind of sorghum that contains high content of sugar in its stem. Sweet sorghum has a big potential to be developed in Indonesia owing to its wide adaptation and the fact that it can be used as raw material for liquid sugar, syrup, ethanol, and also as animal feed. Sweet sorghum has not been developed in Indonesia because of lack of a sweet sorghum variety. Improvement of available sweet sorghum genotype can be done among others through plant breeding program. First step on the plant breeding program is to increase the plant genetic variability. This might be done by introduction of varieties or by breeding to create new varieties. Induced mutation using Gamma irradiation can be used to increase the genetic variability of sweet sorghum. Mutation breeding using Gamma irradiation in sweet sorghum was aimed at improving the yield and quality of sweet sorghum. This research was conducted to study the effect of Gamma irradiation on sweet sorghum growth in the M1 generation, and to estimate the optimal dose range suitably for the breeding program. Beside, the objective of this research was to evaluate the genetic variability for the purpose of plant selection in the M2 generation. Plant materials consisted of 2 sweet sorghum lines introduced from ICRISAT namely line No. 79 and No. 83. Non-saccharin sorghum of local variety Higari was used as a control. The doses of Gamma irradiation treatment were 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 Gy. The M1 plants were sown in greenhouse at PATIR-BATAN Jakarta, and then were transplanted in the experimental field at Balitbiogen, Bogor. The M2 plants were grown in the experimental field at Lubang Buaya, Jakarta. Important agronomic traits such as plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike were observed. The results indicated that sorghum lines gave different response to Gamma irradiation, and all measured variables were significantly affected. Irradiation gave morphology and physiology damages on sorghum like abnormality, sterility, and lethality in the M1 generation. The increase of irradiation doses increased physiological damage. Effective doses of Gamma irradiation for sweet sorghum was to be around 400?500 Gy, and the lethal doses 50% of sweet sorghum was around 800?1000 Gy. Putative mutation sometimes could be observed in the M2 generation. The treatment of Gamma increased genetic variability of plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike. The highest genetic variability was found in the dose treatment of 200?300 Gy. Within this interval dose, there might be high probability to find desirable mutants for further breeding purpose. A number of 38 plants had been selected from the M2 population as putative mutants.

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Abstrak :
Xilitol merupakan pemanis alami yang bersifat antikariogenik dan memiliki indeks glikemik rendah. Xilitol dapat diproduksi dari xilosa, baik melalui proses kimiawi ataupun proses fermentasi. Xilitol dihasilkan melalui proses fermentasi xilosa oleh Candida fukuyamaensis UICC Y-247. Xilosa diperoleh dari hidrolisis hemiselulosa dalam limbah sorgum manis yang telah dihilangkan senyawa ekstraktif dan ligninnya. Hidrolisis dilakukan secara kimiawi dengan katalis asam sulfat 0,3 M. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan kosubstrat terhadap yield xilitol. Yield xilitol tertinggi diperoleh dari fermentasi malai jam ke-12 sebesar 188 ppm dengan konversi xilosa menjadi xilitol 20,29%. Penambahan kosubstrat L-arabinosa 150 ppm menaikkan yield xilitol hingga 347 ppm dengan konversi sebesar 37,37%. Penambahan kosubstrat D-glukosa 150 ppm menghasilkan xilitol 287 ppm dengan konversi 30,93%. ......Xylitol is a natural sweetener that has anti-cariogenic properties and has a low glycemic index. Xylitol can be produced from xylose, either through a chemical process or fermentation process. Xylitol was produced through a process of xylose fermentation by Candida fukuyamaensis UICC Y-247. Xylose derived from hemi-cellulose hydrolysate of sweet sorghum waste in which the lignin and extractive compounds had been removed. The hydrolysis was done chemically with sulfuric acid catalyst 0.3 M. This research was conducted to determine the effect of adding cosubstrate on xylitol yield. The highest xylitol yield obtained from the fermentation tassel at the hour 12 by 188 ppm with the conversion of xylose into xylitol 20.29%. The addition of L-arabinose cosubstrate 150 ppm increased xylitol yield up to 347 ppm by a conversion of 37.37%. The addition of D-glukosa cosubstrate 150 ppm produced xylitol 287 ppm by a conversion of 30,93%.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membuat xilitol dari limbah batang/malai sorgum manis CTY-33. Xilitol dibuat melalui proses fermentasi xilosa menggunakan Candida fukuyamaensis UICC Y-247 penghasil enzim xilosa reduktase yang mereduksi xilosa menjadi xilitol. Xilosa didapat dari hidrolisis hemiselulosa dalam limbah batang/malai sorgum manis CTY-33 yang telah dilakukan delignifikasi. Hasil xilosa tertinggi dengan 30 ml larutan H2SO4 0,3M dicapai pada waktu hidrolisis 35 menit yaitu 22,71% dalam hidrolisat malai sorgum manis CTY-33, dan 15,30% dalam hidrolisat batang sorgum manis CTY-33. Yield xilitol tertinggi dicapai pada fermentasi jam ke-12 yaitu 191,07 ppm dari malai, dan yield xilitol dari batang 31,48 ppm. Penambahan kosubstrat glukosa menaikkan kadar xilitol, hasil tertinggi dicapai pada jam ke-12. Penambahan kosubstrat glukosa 300 ppm pada malai menghasilkan xilitol sebesar 291,17 ppm (konversi xilosa menjadi xilitol 38,86 %). dan penambahan kosubstrat glukosa 150 ppm pada batang sebesar 173,44 ppm (konversi xilosa mnjadi xilitol 26,20. ......Producing xylitol from the straw / panicle of sweet sorghum CTY -33 wastes was done. The xylitol produced through the fermentation process of xylose using Candida fukuyamaensis UICC Y-247 which reduced xylose to xylitol using xylose reductase enzyme. The hemicellulose in the straw/panicle sweet sorghum CTY-33 wastes was hydrolized by 30 mL sulfuric acid 0,3 M after delignification. The highest xylose in the hydrolyzate of panicle during 35 minutes was 22.71 % and from straw was15.30 %. The highest xylitol yield reached in 12-hours fermentation, panicle xylitol yield was 191.07 ppm and straw xylitol yield was 31.48 ppm. When glucose added as co-substrat, the xylitol yield increased. The panicle xylitol yield became 291.170 ppm (the xylose conversion to xylitol was 38,86 %) when it added glucose 300 ppm, and the straw xylitol yield became 173.44 ppm (the xylose conversion to xylitol was 26,20 %) when it added glucose 150 ppm.