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"Pemanfaatan radikal sulfat pada proses oksidasi lanjut belum banyak digunakan untukk mendegradasi limbah cair. Pada penelitian ini, akan dilakukan degradasi limbah amonia sintetik dengan proses oksidasi lanjut memanfaatkan radikal sulfat. Radikal sulfat ini disinyalir dapat mendegradasi amonia lebih efisien dibandingkan radikal hidroksil karena bekerja dengan 3 prinsip kerja yakni transfer elektron, pemutusan ikatan rangkap C, dan abstraksi hydrogen. Radikal sulfat didapatkan dari ion persulfat hasil ionisasi K2S2O8 kemudian radikal sulfat diaktifkan dengan menggunakan panas dari heater dengan memvariasikan suhu sebesar 27°C, 50°C dan 70°C. Limbah amonia sintetik dibuat dengan memvariasikan konsentrasi awal amonia sebesar 10 mg/L, 25 mg/L, dan 50 mg/L dan tingkat keasaman (pH) juga divariasikan pada pH 4,7,dan 10 untuk merepresentasikan keadaan asam, netral dan basa limbah amonia sintetik untuk melihat apakah amonia dapat terdegradasi lebih baik dalam bentuk ion atau radikal. Kadar amonia akhir setelah proses oksidasi diukur dengan menggunakan amoniameter dengan prinsip colorimetri. Didapatkan hasil degradasi amonia yang paling baik adalah 22,7% dengan kondisi optimum suhu 50°C, pH 10, dan konsentrasi awal amonia sebesar 10 mg/L.

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Degradation Technologies using Advanced Oxidation Process with sulfate radical has not been widely developed yet. This research will bring this technology to degrade sintetic amonia waste. Sulfate Radical may reduce ammonia more efficiently than hidroxyl radical mainly with 3 pathways, there are electron transfer, cut of unsaturated bond, and hydrogen abstraction. Sulfate Radical can be got from persulfate ion from Pottasium Persulfate that ionized and activated to be sulfate radical by heat from heater. Temperature of activation becomes one of the research variabel in 27°C, 50°C and 70°C.

Initial sintetic ammonia waste is varied from 10 mg/L, 25 mg/L, and 50 mg/L. Acidity is also varied in 4, 7, and 10 that present acid, neutral, and base condition to see whether the amonia will be well degraded as ionic or molecule. The end concentration of ammonia is measured with martini ammoniameter. The best result for this research is 22,7% of ammonia removal in 50°C, pH 10, and the first ammonia concentration of 10 mg/L."

"Mukopolisakaridosis tipe II (MPS II) merupakan penyakit kelainan lisosomal langka yang disebabkan oleh mutasi pada gen iduronat 2-sulfatase (IDS) dapat menyebabkan disfungsi dari enzim I2S yang dihasilkan sehingga molekul heparan sulfat (HS) dan dermatan sulfat (DS) terakumulasi pada jaringan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis hubungan kadar HS dan DS urin dengan jenis mutasi gen IDS pada penderita MPS II di Indonesia. Data susunan nukleotida gen IDS dari tujuh pasien MPS II dianalisis untuk melihat jenis mutasi dan dibuat model 3D proteinnya. Analisis 3D protein akan dikorelasikan dengan kadar HS dan DS urin pasien tersebut yang diukur menggunakan metode Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Hasil analisis mutasi ditemukan beberapa jenis mutasi, seperti mutasi nonsense (1/7), delesi (2/7), insersi (1/7), dan missense (3/7). Dari ketujuh pasien tersebut, tiga diantaranya (P2, P6, P7) telah menjalani terapi ERT. Kadar HS urin dari ketujuh pasien menunjukkan peningkatan yang beragam dibandingkan dengan kadar HS normal. Berbeda dengan HS, kadar DS urin sampel pasien ada yang mengalami sedikit peningkatan (P1, P2, P7) dan ada pula yang tetap berada pada rentang kadar DS normal (P3, P4, P5, P6). Keragaman kadar HS dan DS sampel pasien tersebut sangat dipengaruhi oleh letak mutasi, jenis mutasi, diagnosis dan prognosis yang ditegakkan sedini mungkin, terapi ERT yang telah dilakukan pasie, durasi ERT, dan respon masing-masing pasien terhadap pengobatan yang telah diberikan.

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Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a rare lysosomal disorder caused by mutations in the iduronat 2-sulfatase (IDS) gene that can cause dysfunction of I2S enzyme so that the heparan sulfate (HS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) molecules accumulate in the tissue. This study was conducted to determine and analyze the relationship of urinary HS and DS levels with the type of IDS gene mutation in MPS II patients in Indonesia. The nucleotide of IDS genes sequences from seven MPS II patients were analyzed to see the type of mutation and the 3D protein model was made. 3D protein analysis will be correlated with urinary HS and DS levels of the patients measured by using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Results of mutation analysis results found several types of mutations, such as nonsense mutations (1/7), deletions (2/7), insertions (1/7), and missense (3/7). From the seven patients, three of them (P2, P6, P7) had undergone ERT therapy. The urine HS level of the seven patients showed a varied increase compared to normal HS levels. In contrast to HS, the urine DS level of the sample of patients had a slight increase (P1, P2, P7) and some remained in the normal DS level range (P3, P4, P5, P6). The diversity of HS and DS levels of the patient's samples is strongly influenced by the location of the mutation, type of mutation, diagnosis and prognosis that is enforced as early as possible, ERT therapy has been carried out, ERT duration, and each patient's response to the treatment given."

"ABSTRAKNitrogen merupakan salah satu makronutrien penting bagi kapang, baik untuk pertumbuhan, maupun untuk memelihara kemampuan sel dalam membentuk enzim. Penelitian mi bertujuan untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya pengaruh sumber nitrogen yang diberikan dalam bentuk amonium sulfat, tepung kedele, dan urea, terhadap aktivitas glukoamilase Rhizopus arrhizus UCC 2 dan Rhizopus oryzae UCC 128. Pengujian aktivitas glukoamilase dilakukan dengan metoda Nishise et al. modifikasi. Satu unit aktivitas glukoamilase setara dengan satu umol glukosa yang di lepaskan per menit. Pengukuran kadar glukosa dilakukan dengan metoda Somogyi-Nelson. Uji statistik menunjukkan adanya pengaruh sumber nitrogen yang berbeda terhadap aktivitas glukoamilase R. arrhizus UCC 2 dan R. oryzae UCC 128. Medium dengan sumber nitrogen urea, memberikan hasil rata-rata aktivitas glukoamilase R. arrhizus UCC 2 dan R. oryzae UCC 128 tertinggi. Nilai tersebut berbeda nyata dengan rata-rata aktivitas glukoamilase pada medium dengan sumber nitrogen tepung kedele maupun amonium sulfat."

"Background: Glucosamine, chondroitinsulfate are frequently used to prevent further joint degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA). Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a supplement containing organic sulphur and also reported to slow anatomical joint progressivity in the knee OA. The MSM is often combined with glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. However, there are controversies whether glucosamine chondroitin sulfate or their combination with methylsulfonylmethane could effectively reduce pain in OA. This study is aimed to compare clinical outcome of glucosamine chondroitin sulfate (GC), glucosamine chondroitin sulfate methylsulfonylmethane (GCM), and placeboin patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) Kellgren Lawrence grade I II. Methods: a double blind, randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 147 patients with knee OA Kellgren Lawrence grade I II. Patients were allocated by permuted block randomization into three groups: GC (n=49), GCM (n=50), or placebo (n=48) groups. GC group received 1500 mg of glucosamine + 1200 mg of chondroitin sulfate + 500 mg of saccharumlactis; GCM group received 1500 mg of glucosamine + 1200 mg of chondroitin sulfate + 500 mg of MSM; while placebo group received three matching capsules of saccharumlactis. The drugs were administered once daily for 3 consecutive months VAS and WOMAC scores were measured before treatment, then at 4th, 8th and 12th week after treatment. Results: on statistical analysis it was found that at the 12th week, there are significant difference between three treatment groups on the WOMAC score (p=0.03) and on the VAS score (p=0.004). When analyzed between weeks, GCM treatment group was found statistically significant on WOMAC score (p=0.01) and VAS score (p<0.001). Comparing the score difference between weeks, WOMAC score analysis showed significant difference between GC, GCM, and placebo in week 4 (p=0.049) and week 12 (p=0.01). In addition, VAS score also showed significant difference between groups in week 8 (p=0.006) and week 12 (p<0.001). Conclusion: combination of glucosamine chondroitinsulfate methylsulfonylmethane showed clinical benefit for patients with knee OAK ellgren Lawrence grade I II compared with GC and placebo. GC did not make clinical improvement in overall groups of patients with knee OA Kellgren Lawrence grade I II."

"Sulfate reducing bacteria utilize sulfate as their terminal electron acceptor and reduce it to sulphide. acid mine drainage, by-products of mining activities, is an acidic sulfate - rich wastewater suitable habitat for sulfate reducing bacteria. Isolation and identification of sulfate reducing bacteria collected from Muara Enim coal mining, South Sumatera was carried out at Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Indonesian center for Biodiversity and Biotechnology (ICBB), Bogor and Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Bogor Agricultural University...."

"Sulfate reducing bacteria utilize sulfate as their terminal electron acceptor and reduce it to sulphide. Acid mine drainage, by-products of mining activities, is an acidic sulfate-rich wastewater suitable habitat for sulfate reducing bacteria. Isolation and identification of sulfate reducing bacteria collected from Muara Enim coal mining, South Sumatera was carried out at Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Indonesian Center for Biodiversity and Biotechnology (ICBB), Bogor, and Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Bogor Agricultural University. Postage B liquid media was used for isolation and purification via serial dilution. Physiological and biochemical characterization was done based on Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Fifteen pure isolates have been isolated with diverse characteristics. Eight isolated can sustain at pH 3, while the rest sustain at 4 pH 4 or above. Sulfate reduction efficiency of each isolated were different, but increased as the pH increased. The bacteria are classified as Desulfovibrio sp., which is characterized straight rods, motile, non spore-forming and able to grow in simple organic carbon"

"ABSTRACTOil palm is an oil plant which is of great importance for both the Thai and the world economies. Oil palm trees have a life span of approximately 20-25 years before a gradual erosion of yield sets in. Oil palm trunk (OPT) is an agricultural residue waste from oil palm re-plantation which is rich in cellulose but utilized ineffectively. One way for OPT utilization is cellulose hydrogel production. In this study, cellulose hydrogel was prepared by dissolving cellulose from OPT with 7% (w/v) of lithium chloride in dimethylacetamide (LiCl/DMAc) to create a porous hydrogel by 1, 3, 5, 8 and 10% (w/v) of (NH4)2SO4 for 3, 5 and 10 minutes. After that, it was found that soaking cellulose hydrogel in 8% (w/v) of (NH4)2SO4 solution for 5 minutes created light-browed cellulose hydrogel with an average Shore A hardness of 41 ± 1.13 and a maximum swelling equal to 90%. The chemical functional group and cross-section morphology of cellulose hydrogel were determined using Attenuated total reflectance - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively."