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"Barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19) dan strontium titanate (SrTiO3) telah luas dikenal masing masing sebagai material magnet permanen dan piezoelektrik. Kedua jenis material tersebut sangat potensial untuk diaplikasikan pada pembuatan komponen produk magnet dan elektronik. Sifat ekstrinsik kedua jenis material tergantung kepada mikrostrukturnya yang sangat ditentukan pula oleh metode sintesis material yang diterapkan. Kajian literatur menunjukkan bahwa telah banyak dikembangkan berbagai macam metode sintesis senyawa magnetik BaFe12O19 dan dielektrik SrTiO3 dalam bentuk partikel halus dengan ukuran berskala nanometer. Kegiatan penelitian ini lebih difokuskan kepada sintesis dan karakterisasi material sistem nanokomposit BaFe12O19/SrTiO3, dimana senyawa BaFe12O19 (kode BHF) memiliki fasa feromagnetik dan senyawa SrTiO3 (kode STO) memiliki fasa feroelektrik dipersiapkan melalui metode pemaduan mekanik (mechanical alloying). Sedangkan pembuatan nanopartikel kedua senyawa diperoleh melalui penghalusan mekanik dan destruksi ultrasonik daya tinggi. Material BHF dipersiapkan dari campuran prekursornya berupa serbuk BaCO3 dan Fe2O3. Sedangkan material STO menggunakan prekursor SrCO3 dan TiO2. Aparatus yang digunakan adalah planetary ball mill dengan perbandingan berat antara material dan ball mill adalah 1 : 10. Ukuran rata-rata partikel dievaluasi menggunakan particle-size analyzer (PSA) dan ukuran rata-rata kristalit dihitung menggunakan metode Williamson Hall Plot dengan software High Score Plus dari data pola difaksi x-ray masing-masing senyawa. Adapun sampel berupa material kristalin diperoleh setelah kompaksi serbuk hasil pemaduan mekanik dan pemanasan pada temperatur 1100°C selama 3 jam dimana kemudian sampel material kristalin tersebut dihaluskan kembali menggunakan ball mill selama 20 jam. Serbuk halus BHF dan STO tersebut masing-masing menjalani destruksi lanjut secara ultrasonik daya tinggi untuk menghasilkan nanopartikel. Hasil evaluasi dengan PSA dan Williamson Hall Plot data XRD terhadap material BHF memperlihatkan nanopartikel dicapai setelah destruksi ultrasonik selama 14 jam. Dalam hal ini hasil PSA menunjukkan ukuran partikel rata-rata BHF adalah 28 nm sedangkan hasil evaluasi ukuran rata-rata kristalit adalah 26 nm. Untuk STO diperoleh hasil evaluasi ukuran rata-rata partikel sebesar 144 nm dan ukuran rata-rata kristalit adalah 30 nm. Kedua jenis material dalam bentuk nanopartikel ini digunakan sebagai komponen nanokomposit sistem BHF-STO. Berdasarkan hasil karakterisasi material komposit baik melalui pengujian XRD maupun permagraph bahwa sampel komposit tersusun dari dua fasa yaitu BaO.6(Fe2O3) dan SrTiO3 yang dipastikan dari pola difraksi dan sifat kemagnetannya. Dari kajian efek destruksi ultrasonik terhadap partikel STO dapat disimpulkan bahwa ukuran partikel rata rata dapat direduksi 8 kalinya yaitu dari ukuran 797 nm menjadi 144 nm setelah durasi watuk destruksi 14 jam. Sedangkan untuk partikel BHF tereduksi 100 kalinya yaitu dari 2931 nm menjadi 26 nm pasca durasi waktu destruksi yang sama. Penelitian ini juga mempelajari perilaku kinetika pertumbuhan ukuran kristalit fasa-fasa material penyusun material komposit dalam sistem komposit yang mengikuti persamaan Avrami. Berdasarkan kajian kinetika dapat diketahui energi aktivasi pertumbuhan kristalit fasa material STO dan BHF masing masing adalah 16 kJ.mol-1 dan 4 kJ.mol-1. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa kombinasi antara teknik penghalusan mekanik dan destruksi sonikasi daya tinggi terhadap partikel kristalin BHF dan STO dapat dijadikan metode alternatif yang efektif untuk menghasilkan nanopartikel.

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Barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19) and strontium titanate (SrTiO3) are well established permanent magnet and piezoelectric materials which are technologically and scientifically attractive due to their potential for various applications in the field of magnetic electronics functional materials. The extrinsic properties of these materials depend largely on the microstructure, which in turn depends on the method of synthesis. Different methods have been developed for the preparation of ultrafine BaFe12O19 and SrTiO3 particles in nanometer scale. In this work, research activivities were focused on synthesis and characterization of BaFe12O19/SrTiO3 nanocomposites in which feromagnetic materials of BaFe12O19 phase (coded BHF) and a ferroelectric materials of SrTiO3 phase (coded STO) were prepared by a mechanical alloying technique. In addition, nanoparticles of BHF and STO were obtained by physical destruction through a combined method between mechanical milling and high power ultrasonication.

BHF materials were made of their precursors which consisted of the mixture between BaCO3 and Fe2O3. Whereas for STO materials the precursors were SrCO3 and TiO2. The process of mixing and alloying was caried out under the used of a planetary ball mill apparatus with a weight ratio between mixture and ball mill was 1:10. The mean particle size of milled powders was further characterized by Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). Whereas the mean crystallite size was derived from Williamson Hall Plots using the High Score Plus software to evaluate data of x-ray diffraction patterns for each materials. The crystalline materials were obtained after sintering step at 1100°C for 3 hours to the green compact samples which further followed by remilling the sintered samples for 20 hours. Further refining the powders for BHF and STO was carried out under the use of a high power sonicator for 14 hours to produce nanoparticles.

Results of evaluation indicated that the mean particle size of BHF and STO was respectively 28 nm and 144 nm which refer to results of particles characterization by PSA whereas for their mean crystallite size were respectively 26 nm and 30 nm. Those nanoparticles of BHF and STO were then used as component materials in BHF-STO nanocomposite system. According to results of characterization for composite materials by XRD and permagraph, it was found that the composites consisted of two phases which were identified as BaO.6(Fe2O3) and SrTiO3 based on their diffraction pattern and magnetic properties.

Further to the characterization results, it was also found that the mean particle size of STO was reduced 8 times in which the mean size of 797 nm was brought down to 144 after ultrasonically destruction for 14 hours. However, much larger reduction in particle sizes were obtained in BHF in which the initial mean particle size of 2931 nm was reduced 100 times downed to 26 nm after the same duration periode of ultrasonic destruction.

Crystallite growth kinetics behavior of BHF and STO phases in the composite system was also studied in which data of mean crystallite sizes at different sintering temperatures and time were fitted into the Avrami equation. It was found that the activation energy for crystallite growth kinetics of BHF and STO is 16 kJ.mol-1 and 4 kJ.mol-1 respectively.

We conclude that mechanical alloying coupled with ultrasonication can be used as an effective alternative tools for the preparation of fine and homogeneous powder materials leading to nanoparticle-based materials."

"Sampel penelitian adalah sampah industri baja Neomax di Jepang dengan basis ferrite. Identifikasi fase dengan XRD dan XRF memperlihatkan bahwa sampel merupakan senyawa strontium ferrite SrO.6Fe 2O3 fasa tunggal. Kurva XRD menunjukkan waktu milling 5, 10 dan 20 jam tidak signifikan terlihat perubahannya. Mikrograf SEM menunjukkan semakin lama waktu milling jumlah porositas (pori) semakin berkurang dan proses sintering telah memadatkan butiran -butiran grain kristal. Perbandingan Histerisis PERMAGRAPH menunjukkan milling dengan waktu yang lebih lama dan sintering dengan waktu yang lebih lama pada suhu sekitar 1000°C - 1300°C (dibawah titik leleh Fe) dapat meningkatkan nilai remanen magnetisasi Br, dengan kecenderungan nilai koersivitas Hc relatif tetap atau turun dalam batas tertentu."

"Sintesis material ferroelektrik SrTiO3 (STO) dan material magnet SrFe12O19 (SHF) melalui teknik pemaduan mekanik dilanjutkan perlakuan sintering pada temperatur 1100°C selama 3 jam. Kedua material sudah berfasa tunggal berdasarkan hasil identifikasi puncak-puncak difraksi sinar-x pada masing-masing pola difraksi. Ukuran partikel material STO dan SHF masing-masing adalah 1116 nm dan 1230 nm. Destruksi partikel secara ultrasonik selama 7 jam, memperkecil ukuran rata-rata partikel dari kedua senyawa menjadi 522 nm dan 70 nm. Teknik destruksi secara mekanik dan ultrasonik dapat digunakan untuk pembentukan nanopartikel.

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Synthesis of ferroelectric material SrTiO3 (STO) and magnetic material SrFe12O19 (SHF) with mechanical alloying method and sintering with temperature at 1100°C for 3 hours. Both of the material have been a single phase based on the identification result of the peaks in each diffraction pattern. The particle size of material STO and SHF is 1116 nm and 1230 nm. Ultrasonic destruction for 7 hours reduced the mean particle size for both material to 522 nm and 70 nm. Particle destruction with mechanical and ultrasonic method can be used to synthesis of nanoparticle."

"ABSTRAKMaterial dielektrik telah terbukti menguasai perindustrian devais elektronik seiring pesatnya perkembangan teknologi material berbasis nanostruktrur yang memiliki berbagai fungsi kerja termasuk merespon pengaruh gelombang elektromagnetik. Salah satu aplikasi material dielektrik adalah sebagai material penyerap gelombang RADAR atau Radar Absorbing Material RAM . Material dengan senyawa BaTiO3 atau Barium Stronsium Titanat BST memiliki potensial untuk menyerap gelombang elektromagnetik termasuk gelombang RADAR. Dengan demikian, material berbasis BST dapat berperan sebagai penguat filler pada sistem komposit. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan sintesis material nanokomposit melalui sintesis conductive polyaniline atau PANi konduktif sebagai matrik yang ditelusuri melalui proses polimerisasi dan sintesis material penguat berbasis BST yang memiliki nanostruktur melalui tahapan pemaduan mekanik mechanical alloying dilanjutkan dengan destruksi partikel secara ultrasonic. Kedua jenis material hasil sintesis ini adalah yang digunakan untuk membuat nanokomposit sistem PANi-BST. Material dielektrik yang menjadi material penguat dipilih memiliki komposisi Ba1-xSrxTiO3 x = 0.3, 0.4 dan 0.7 agar dihasilkan material penguat dengan kontanta dielektrik berbeda. Hasil sintesis PANi melalui polimerisasi menunjukkan bahwa PANi konduktif diperoleh setelah protonasi dengan perchlorate acid HCLO4 berfungsi sebagai dopan. Konduktivitas listrik yang dihasilkan meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi dopan. Nilai konduktivitas listrik s terendah dan tertinggi yang diperoleh masing-masing adalah 0,72 mS/cm an 5,6 mS/cm. Ketiga BST dengan masing-masing komposisi dikompositkan dengan matriks PANi yang memiliki nilai konduktivitas listrik yang relatif rendah 0,72 mS/cm dan relatif tinggi 5,6 mS/cm tersebut. Komposit bermatrik PANi konduktivitas rendah dan material penguat BST dibuat dengan 3 komposisi berbeda. Demikian juga komposit bermatrik PANi konduktifitas relatif tinggi. Karakterisasi absorpsi terhadap gelombang elektromagnetik terhadap nanokomposit dilakukan menggunakan Vector Network Analyzer VNA . Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa nilai Reflection Loss atau RL tertinggi diperoleh dari komposit PANi s = 5,6 mS/cm -BST x = 0,4 dengan komposisi 1:1 massa sebesar -20 dB atau 90 intensitas gelombang mikro diserap pada frekuensi 8,25 GHz dan ndash; 4 dB pada rentang frekuensi 8,5-12 GHz. BST dengan komposisi x = 0,4 memiliki nilai permitivitas listrik tertinggi sebesar 50. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kandidat komposit penyerap gelombang terbaik dapat diperoleh dari matrik dengan konduktivitas listrik tinggi dan material penguat BST yang memiliki nilai permitivitas listrik imajiner yang tingi terutama pada rentang frekuensi dibawah 8,25 GHz.

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ABSTRACTDielectric materials have found a full range application as electronic devices in many electronic industries as the consequence of rapid development of technology nanostructured based materials. The materials have a variety of functional, including responding to the influence of electromagnetic waves. One of the applications of the dielectric materials is electromagnetic wave absorption, including radar absorbing waves or the so called radar absorbing material RAM . BaTiO3 or Barium Strontium Titanate BST has the potential to absorb electromagnetic waves including the waves of RADAR. Thus, the BST based material would be a suitable filler component in a composite system. In the current study, the synthesis of nanocomposite material was prepared by the use of conductive polyaniline or conductive PANi that synthesized through the polymerization process as a matrix, and the use of nanostructured based BST prepared as the reinforces component which prepared through a mechanical alloying process followed by ultrasonic destruction of particles. Both types of synthesized materials were applied to prepare the PANi BST nanocomposite system. Reinforce materials of Ba1 xSrxTiO3 x 0.3, 0.4 and 0.7 compositions with different dielectric constants were used for composites.Synthesized PANi through polymerization showed that the conductive PANi was obtained after protonation with perchlorate acid HClO4 which acting as a doping agent. Results showed that the electrical conductivity, s of PANi was increased with the increase of dopant concentration. It was found that the lowest value for s was 0.72 mS cm and that of the highest was 5.6 mS cm. BST of each composition was mixed with conductive PANi of respectively having low 0,72 mS cm and high 5,6 mS cm . Matrix of low conductivity was combined with nanoparticles of BST for fabrication of nanocomposite with three different compositions. The nanocomposites of matrix with high conductivity were also fabricated in the same way. Microwave characterization of the composites under studied was carried out by means of Vector Network Analyzer VNA . The results showed that the highest reflection loss or the highest RL value was obtained from composite made of PANi with the high conductivity 5.6 mS cm and BST x 0.4 filler with the composition of 1 1 by mass . For this particular composite, RL value of 20 dB or 90 intensity of wave microwaves was absorbed at a frequency 8.25 GHz and 4 dB in the frequency range 8.5 to 12 GHz. It was also found that BST with composition x 0.4 has the highest electrical permittivity value of 50. The results of this study concluded that the best candidate for microwave absorber can be obtained from the matrix with high electrical conductivity and high imaginary electric permittivity of reinforcing materials lead to high RL value primarily in the frequency range below 8.25 GHz."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari pembentukan nanopartikel strontium hexaferrite yang disubstitusi secara parsial ion Mn dan Ti. Sintesis material dilakukan melalui proses mechanical alloying menghasilkan partikel material fasa tunggal dengan komposisi SrFe9Mn1.5Ti1.5O19. Pembentukan nanopartikel dilakukan dengan menggunakan destruksi ultrasonik partikel yang telah mendapat perlakuan etching. Dalam hal ini, partikel kristalin yang diperoleh dari tahapan pemaduan mekanik direndam dalam larutan yang mengandung etching agent HF 48% (Hydroflouric Acid). Untuk mengetahui sejauh mana pengaruh etching terhadap efektivitas pembentukan nanopartikel selama proses destruksi ultrasonik, maka diberikan variasi perlakuan berupa etching agent konsentrasi berbeda yaitu 5%, 10%, 15%. Untuk setiap larutan waktu perendaman sampel ditetapkan selama 10, 20, dan 30 menit sebelum perlakuan destruksi ultrasonik diterapkan. Pengujian material menggunakan XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) untuk mengetahui pembentukan fasa dan distribusi ukuran kristalit, PSA (Particle Size Analyzer) untuk mengukur distribusi ukuran partikel, dan SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) untuk melihat morfologi partikel. Hasil identifikasi XRD memastikan tidak terjadi perubahan fase setelah proses destruksi ultrasonik dan etching. Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi PSA diketahui bahwa ukuran partikel material setelah tahapan sintesis adalah 732 nm. Sedangkan, hasil ukuran rata-rata partikel setelah proses destruksi ultrasonik pada material tanpa perlakuan etching adalah 150 nm. Ukuran rata-rata partikel pasca perendaman dalam larutan HF berkonsentrasi 5 % selama 10, 20, dan 30 menit masing-masing adalah 138 nm, 214 nm, 385 nm. Untuk konsentrasi 10% adalah 142 nm, 235 nm, 302 nm, dan untuk 15% adalah 162 nm, 269 nm, 368 nm. Sedangkan, pada kristalit tidak terjadi perubahan ukuran secara signifikan hanya berada dalam rentang 22-28 nm pada semua partikel pasca perendaman dan destruksi. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa partikel dari material dengan perlakuan etching HF memiliki kecenderungan terjadinya peningkatan ukuran terhadap durasi waktu etching yang semakin lama dibandingkan dengan ukuran partikel pada material tanpa etching. Sedangkan pada kristalit, proses etching tidak terlalu memberikan pengaruh pada perubahan ukuran.

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This research is aimed at studying the formation of substituted Mn and Ti strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles. Synthesis material was conducted by a mechanical alloying process which produced single phase material particles of SrFe9Mn1.5Ti1.5O19 composition. The formation of nanoparticles was done by means of ultrasonic destruction of particles which have been chemically treated. In this case, the crystalline particles obtained from mechanical alloying were immersed into a solution containing 48% HF etching agent (Hydrofluoric Acid). To what extent the influence of etching agent on the effectiveness of nanoparticle formation during the process of ultrasonic destruction, then three different solutions containing HF of respectively 5%, 10%, 15% were employed. For each solution the immersion time for particles was set for 10, 20, and 30 minutes before ultrasonic destruction started. As to the material characterization, the following tools were employed: XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) was used to determine the phase formation and distribution of crystallite sizes, PSA (Particle Size Analyzer) to measure the particle size distribution, and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) to look at the morphology of the particles.

XRD results confirmed that there have no changed in materials phase after ultrasonic destruction and etching process. Based on results of PSA evaluation, the mean particle size of the material after the synthesis was 732 nm. The particles were refined to the mean size 150 nm after ultrasonic destruction process with no etching treatment given. However, the mean particle size after immersion in a solution containing HF of 5% for 10, 20, and 30 minutes respectively are 138 nm, 214 nm and 385 nm. While for those of 10% respectively are 142 nm, 235 nm, 302 nm, and for 15%, the mean particle size are respectively 162 nm, 269 nm and 368 nm. As to the crystallite sizes evaluation, results showed no significant changing in crystallite sizes. The mean crystallite sizes were in the range 22-28 nm obtained in all particles after immersion and destruction. It can be concluded that particles of material with longer HF etching treatment tend to increase the size when compared with that of no treatment. The etching process and ultrasonic destruction do not give ant significant effect to the crystallite sizes."

"Barium strontium titanate (BST) or Ba1-xSrxTiO3 with x=0-1 possesses superior dielectric properties, which are widely used in many applications like in communication technology, electronic instrumentations, and various electrical devices. In this paper, the characterization of the particle and crystallite size of Ba1-xSrxTiO3 (x: 0; 0.3; 0.7) is described. A two-step refinement commenced: first by mechanical milling, and then a further refinement under ultrasonic irradiation in a high power sonicator was applied to Ba1-xSrxTiO3 (x: 0; 0.3; 0.7) particles. The crystalline powders were obtained through mechanically alloyed standard research grade BaCO3, TiO2, and SrCO3 precursors in a planetary ball mill.The powders were first found heavily deformed after 60 hours of milling and then went through a sintering process at 1200°C for 4 hours to form multicrystallite particles. The presence of a single phase in the three samples was solidly confirmed in their respective X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The changes of multicrystallite particles into monocrystallite particles were obtained only after crystalline powders were irradiated ultrasonically in a high power sonicator. The processing variable during ultrasonic irradiation was limited to the duration time of irradiation and particle concentration in the exposed media. It is shown that the average sizes of BST particles at x=0; 0.3; 0.7 before ultrasonic irradiation were 353, 348, and 385 nm, respectively. These respective sizes decreased drastically to 52, 35, and 49 nm, respectively, after 12 hours of ultrasonic irradiation. These particle sizes are almost identical with that of their crystallite size. Hence, the synthesis of monocrystallite particles has been achieved. As the particle concentration of media takes effect, it is shown that an exposed media with a higher particle concentration tends to form multicrystallite particles."

"Barium strontium titanate (BST) or Ba1-xSrxTiO3 with x=0-1 possesses superior dielectric properties, which are widely used in many applications like in communication technology, electronic instrumentations, and various electrical devices. In this paper, the characterization of the particle and crystallite size of Ba1-xSrxTiO3 (x: 0; 0.3; 0.7) is described. A two-step refinement commenced: first by mechanical milling, and then a further refinement under ultrasonic irradiation in a high power sonicator was applied to Ba1-xSrxTiO3 (x: 0; 0.3; 0.7) particles. The crystalline powders were obtained through mechanically alloyed standard research grade BaCO3, TiO2, and SrCO3 precursors in a planetary ball mill.The powders were first found heavily deformed after 60 hours of milling and then went through a sintering process at 1200°C for 4 hours to form multicrystallite particles. The presence of a single phase in the three samples was solidly confirmed in their respective X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The changes of multicrystallite particles into monocrystallite particles were obtained only after crystalline powders were irradiated ultrasonically in a high power sonicator. The processing variable during ultrasonic irradiation was limited to the duration time of irradiation and particle concentration in the exposed media. It is shown that the average sizes of BST particles at x=0; 0.3; 0.7 before ultrasonic irradiation were 353, 348, and 385 nm, respectively. These respective sizes decreased drastically to 52, 35, and 49 nm, respectively, after 12 hours of ultrasonic irradiation. These particle sizes are almost identical with that of their crystallite size. Hence, the synthesis of monocrystallite particles has been achieved. As the particle concentration of media takes effect, it is shown that an exposed media with a higher particle concentration tends to form multicrystallite particles."

"Single phased SrO.6Fe2-xMnx/2Tix/2O3 (x = 0.0; 0.5; and 1.0) nanoparticles, whose mean size was comparable with the crystallite size, were successfully fabricated through mechanical alloying and a subsequent ultrasonic destruction processes. The ultrasonic destruction process employed a transducer operated under amplitudes of 35, 45, and 55 ?m. Results indicated that the mean particle size was not determined by the transducer amplitude, but the mechanical properties of the materials, as well as the initial size of the particles. After ultrasonic destruction, the mean sizes of the particles decreased to the range of 87–194 nm with a narrow distribution width. The mean particle sizes were about 1 to 3 times larger than the respective crystallite sizes. Such fine particles were aimed to decrease the coercivity, as was seen in the sample with x = 0, which showed a decrease in coercivity from 474 kA.m-1 to 24 kA.m-1 and 15 kA.m-1. A further reduction in the coercivity was observed in Mn-Ti substituted strontium hexaferrite."

"ABSTRAK

Besi tuang grafit nodular ( Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron ) secara struktur mempunyai morfologi grafit berbentuk bulat dengan tingkat nodularitas lebih dari 80% dan bentuk grafit termasuk dalam kelas VI (nodular grafit) serta  matrik terdiri dari fasa ferrite-pearlite. Secara umum cast iron mempunyai  paduan utama terdiri dari karbon dan silikon dimana kedua unsur tersebut mempunyai pengaruh dalam potensial grafitiasi dan mampu cor. Morfologi karbon sebagai paduan utamanya dalam proses peleburan akan mempunyai bentuk  bervariasi yang dipengaruhi oleh komposisi paduan dan laju proses solidifikasi logam tersebut. Pada penelitian ini dipelajari pengaruh logam paduan Strontium (Sr) 99%  serpihan ditambahkan pada molten cast iron dengan komposisi kandungan 0% hingga 0.5% dituang secara bersamaan pada sampel berbentuk chill block test dengan estimasi berat sampel untuk masing-masing komposisi adalah rata-rata 1.5 kg. Dari komposisi yang berbeda tersebut dipelajari pengaruhnya terhadap morfologi pembentukan grafit yaitu tingkat nodularitas dan kelompok kelas bentuk dari grafit . Sampel yang diperoleh akan dilakukan proses karakterisasi dengan melakukan pengamatan struktur makro dan mikro menggunakan   optikal mikroskop yang dilengkapi software pengolah data gambar yang menampilkan fraksi grafit, ukuran grafit, bentuk grafit dan nodularitas grafit , serta penggunaan SEM untuk melakukan pengamatan secara mikro terhadap morfologi karbon dan residu strontium pada matrik logam, serta dialkukan pengamatan terhadap proses solidifikasi menggunakan PICO termal analisis.

 

Kata kunci : Besi tuang grafit nodular, Strontium, Morfologi grafit

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ABSTRACT

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Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron structurally has a spheroidal graphite morphology with nodularity levels of more than 80% and graphite forms are included in class VI (nodular graphite) and the matrix consists of ferrite-pearlite phase. In general, cast iron has a main alloy consisting of carbon and silicon in which both elements have an influence on graphite potential and are capable of casting. The morphology of carbon as its main alloy in the smelting process will have varied shapes which are affected by the composition of the alloy and the rate of the metal's solidification process. In this study the effect of Strontium (Sr) 99% flakes added to molten cast iron with a composition of 0% to 0.5% was poured together in a chill block test sample with an estimated sample weight for each composition an average of 1.5 kg. From these different compositions the effect of morphology on graphite formation is studied, namely the degree of nodularity and the class of shape groups of graphite. Samples obtained will be carried out characterization process by observing macro and micro structures using optical microscopes which are equipped with image data processing software that displays graphite fraction, graphite size, graphite form and graphite nodularity, as well as the use of SEM to conduct micro observations of carbon morphology and residues strontium on the metal matrix, and observations of the solidification process were carried out using PICO thermal analysis.

 

Keywords: nodular graphite cast iron, strontium, graphite morphology

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"Produkliviras yang linggi dar! industri par! autamoljdengan menggunakan mareriai ADC l2( A!-I2%Si ) dafam rangka memcnuhi tfngginya Iinglcat keburuhan darf induxrri kendaraan bermolan manga/ami gangguan akibal kegagalan (reject) yang tfnggf. Reyes! yang tinggi renfebut umumnya rerjadi karena rimbulrgya cacar. (facar yung biasanya lczjadi adalah shrinkage dan keropos akiha! parosilas gas. Salah sam peqvebalmya adalah fhrfditax man mampu alir mera) cair ADC I2 yang kurang baik. Peneliiian ini difujukan unmk nrengujijluiditas ingof-mga! (I 00% ingot) yang dipasok kc PT X dengan variasi lemperarur tuang 6 40°C-750"(T_ difalyurkan dengan pencarnpuran xcrap pada ratio charging 45% ingor ; 55% scrap. Scliap cairan (nmllery ditamhahkan modf/Yer .vlromfium dengan kadar 0.0025 %, 0.005% 0.01%, 0.02% dan 0.03%. Pada komposisi raiio charging yang sama juga dilakukan penamba/:an campuran modyier stronlium ( 0. 005 % Sr )dan A ITIB ( 0_0-1% AITIB ) grain rejiner pada Hap molren untuk mengerahui ni!ai_/Yuidilasnya. Hasil penelirian memmjukkan hahwa peningkaran remperatur wang secara umum meningkatkan nilai _fluidifas paduan ADC I2 Nifai op!ifnal_/luidiras dengan parameier variasi lemperalur mang reiarff cenderung soma yailu pada temperamr yang cukup tinggi. Pada ingot A, niiai opzimal fluiditas didapal pada Ta 75I"(', ingof B nilai Optima! jluiahtas terdapa! pada Tb - 73}"C. Umuk Ingo! C, nilai jluidifas oprimaf didapal pada TC =' 74J°C, semenlara unluk ingot D, nflai optimal fluiditas terdapat pada Td = 75-l°C. Pada parameter ini ingot A dan Ingo! C memifiki nflaz' _fluidiras terbaik, sementara mga! B memiliki _fiuidiras rerburulc, ini Jeff/adi karena ingot B yang relatff lebilz karor ( banyak inklusi ) darrpada ing0l-ingo/lainnya. Paula penambahan modyier didapa! nilai jluidiras oprimum pada kadar 0. 0025% Sr. semenrara in: dengan peningffalan pengguuaan mod(/fer Sr' hingga 0.03% menunjukkan sfnrktur Si yang semakin ha/zu' ranpa adanya gejaifa overn1od0'ikasi. Dengan penambahan campuran modyier Sr ( 0.005% Sr) dan A H713 grain ra;/ima' ( 0.04% AITIB ) didapat niIai_ffuidifas yang secara umum jauh lebih baik dibandingkan parameter-parameter sebelumnya."