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Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Streptococcus sobrinus merupakan salah satu bakteri penyebab karies. Propolis dilaporkan memiliki efek dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri kariogenik.

Tujuan: Menganalisis efek ekstrak propolis dan permen mengandung propolis terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococcus sobrinus.

Metode: Streptococcus sobrinus dipaparkan terhadap ekstrak propolis dan permen dengan kandungan propolis. Kadar Hambat Minimum (KHM) dan Kadar Bunuh Minimum (KBM) ekstrak propolis diuji dengan metode spektrofotometrik serta koloni Streptococcus sobrinus dihitung dengan metode Standard Plate Counted

Hasil: nilai KHM ekstrak propolis adalah 5% dan nilai KBM adalah 10%. Jumlah koloni bakteri Streptococcus sobrinus berkurang setelah pemaparan ekstrak propolis dan permen propolis.

Kesimpulan: Ekstrak propolis dan permen dengan kandungan propolis dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus sobrinus.

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Background: Streptococcus sobrinus is one of the etiologic agents of dental caries. Propolis has been reported to have an antibacterial activity against cariogenic bacteria.

Objective: To analyze the effect of propolis extract and propolis candies to Streptococcus sobrinus growth.

Methods: Streptococcus sobrinus were exposed to extract propolis and propolis candies. Minimim Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined with spectrofotometric analysis and the Streptococcus sobrinus colonies were counted with Standard Plate Counted method.

Result: MIC was determined at 5% and the MBC at 10%. Streptococcus sobrinus colonies were decreased after exposed to propolis extract and propolis candies.

Conclusion: Propolis extract and propolis candies could inhibit the growth of Streptococcus sobrinus.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Mutans streptococci are considered as major bacteria in human dental caries, and S. mutans and S. sobrinus are the ones most commonly found in humans. It has been shown from previous study that the numbers of S. sobrinus in oral samples are usually underestimated, and the S. sobrinus colonies are often misidentified as S. mutans. The aim of this study was to identify S. mutans and S. sobrinus from dental plaque of children. Dental plaque samples were collected using sterile cotton swabs from first and second upper deciduous molars from 3 children. Samples of dental plaque were inoculated onto MSB-0.5% yeast extract-20% sucrose. Identification of S. mutans and S. sobrinus was performed using examination of colony morphology and biochemical analysis with inulin and rafinose. Identification results were then documented as digital images with Olympus Digital BX 51. S. mutans form convex, translucent colonies with rough margins, while the S. sobrinus colonies are translucent, circular, with pinpoints are smooth margins. Aglisining bubble often accumulates on top of the colony when excessive glucan is synthesized from sucrose. Biochemical analysis had showed positive reaction on S. mutans, and negative on S. sobrinus. From this study it can be concluded that S. mutans and S. sobrinus could be identified clearly with examination of colony morphology and biochemical analysis.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Early Childhood Caries merupakan penyakit rampan gigi yang paling umum terjadi pada anak-anak dan merupakan penyakit multifaktoral, yang terdiri dari inang, agen, dan lingkungan. Mikroorganisme kariogenik yang paling utama dan berhubungan dengan ECC adalah Streptococci, khususnya S. mutans dan S. sobrinus. Selain itu terdapat C. albicans yang juga berperan aktif dalam patogenesis dari karies gigi. Komposisi protein saliva bisa menjadi indikator yang cukup sensitif bagi kesehatan gigi dan mulut, salah satunya adalah protein saliva. Tujuan: Mengetahui peran protein saliva ECC terhadap pertumbuhan biofilm S. sobrinus dan kombinasi S. sobrinus dan C. albicans di rongga mulut. Metode: Menggunakan uji Bradford untuk melihat total konsentrasi protein, uji SDS-PAGE untuk melihat profil protein yang terdapat dalam saliva, uji Crystal Violet untuk melihat pembentukan massa biofilm, dan uji Total Plate Count untuk melihat viabilitas biofilm. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan antara biofilm mono-spesies dan dual spesies dalam pembentukan massa biofilm maupun viabilitas biofilm berdasarkan konsentrasi protein. Tidak terdapat perbedaan pembentukan massa biofilm mono-spesies berdasarkan waktu inkubasi biofilm. Terdapat perbedaan pembentukan massa biofilm dual-spesies berdasarkan waktu inkubasi biofilm. Tidak terdapat perbedaan antara biofilm mono- spesies dan dual-spesies dalam viabilitas biofilm berdasarkan waktu inkubasi biofilm. Kesimpulan: Konsentrasi protein saliva dan waktu inkubasi biofilm tidak dapat menjadi indikator dalam pembentukan massa biofilm dan melihat viabilitas biofilm mono-spesies maupun dual-spesies. ......Background: Early Childhood Caries is the most common dental disease in children and a multifactoral disease, consisting of host, agent, environment, and diet. Microorganisms associated with ECC are Streptococci, especially S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Besides that, C. albicans also plays an active role in the pathogenesis of dental caries. The composition of salivary protein can be a sensitive indicator for oral health, one of them is salivary protein. Objective: To determine the role of the ECC salivary protein on the growth of S. sobrinus biofilms and the combination of Streptococcus sobrinus and C. albicans in the oral cavity. Methods: Bradford Assay was performed to determine the total protein, SDSPAGE test to determine the profile protein in saliva, the Crystal Violet Assay to determine the mass of the biofilm formation, and the Total Plate Count test to see the viability of the biofilm. Results: There is no significant difference between the mono spesies biofilms and dual-species in the mass of the biofilm formation and biofilm viability based on protein concentration. There is no significant difference in the mass of the biofilm formation of mono-species biofilm based on the biofilm incubation time. There is a significant difference in the mass of biofilm formation of a dual-species biofilms based on the biofilm incubation time. There is no significant difference between mono-spesies biofilms and the dual-species in biofilm viability based on biofilm incubation time. Conclusion: Salivary protein concentration and biofilm incubation time can’t be an indicator of biofilm mass formation and to see the viability of biofilm mono-species and dual-species.

Abstrak :
S. mutans dan S. sobrinus di dalam rongga mulut merupakan dua bakteri yang amat sering dikaitkan dengan terjadinya karies. Untuk mencegah karies perlu menjaga kebersihan mulut, salah satunya yakni dengan cara sikat gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh penyikatan gigi menggunakan pasta gigi triklosan terhadap jumlah S. mutans dan S. sobrinus. Metode: Plak dan saliva subjek diambil sebelum (sebagai baseline), sesudah, 3 jam setelah, dan 9 jam setelah menyikat gigi dengan pasta gigi triklosan. Pengambilan sampel kontrol juga dilakukan pada subjek yang sama, yaitu setelah sikat gigi tanpa menggunakan pasta gigi. Sampel kemudian diekstraksi DNA dan dikuantifikasi dengan real time PCR. Hasil: Rata-rata jumlah Streptococcus mutans setelah sikat gigi dengan pasta gigi triklosan sudah kembali seperti nilai baseline setelah 3 jam pada sampel plak, dan pada sampel saliva terus menurun hingga jam ke 9. Sedangkan rata-rata jumlah Streptococcus sobrinus pada plak tidak menurun setelah penyikatan gigi, namun pada saliva terus menurun. Untuk semua sampel, rata-rata kenaikan jumlah bakteri lebih sedikit dibandingkan kontrol. Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan jumlah Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sobrinus dalam plak dan saliva setelah penyikatan gigi menggunakan pasta gigi triklosan, namun perbedaan ini tidak signifikan secara statistik. ...... S. mutans and S. sobrinus have been strongly associated to caries. In order to prevent caries the oral hygiene must be maintained, and one way to do so is by using a dentifrice. Objectives: Identifying the effect of using a triclosan dentifrice to the quantities of S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Methods: The dental plaque and saliva is collected before, right after, 3 hours after, and 9 hours after brushing with the triclosan dentifrice. A control sample is also collected from subjects brushing the teeth without any dentifrice. The samples DNA are then extracted and quantified by real time PCR. Results: In the dental plaque, the mean quantity of S. mutans has already reached baseline after 3 hours while in the saliva, the mean amount continues to decrease up until 9 hours. No decrease of S. sobrinus was found in the dental plaque, unlike in the saliva, which continues to show decrease. For all samples, the mean increase of Streptococcus mutans bacteria is lower than the control group. Conclusion: Quantitative differences of S. mutans and S. sobrinus after treatment with triclosan can be seen, but none showed any statistically significant difference.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Maloklusi adalah ketidaksesuaian letak gigi dari lengkung rahang. Berdasarkan hasil survey WHO pada tahun 2006, maloklusi pada remaja di Indonesia tahun 2006 mencapai 89%. Maloklusi dapat dikurangi dengan perawatan menggunakan bracket. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh heat treatment dan bakteri Streptococcus sobrinus dan Candida albican terhadap ketahanan korosi dan sifat mekanik dari stainless steel 17-4 PH pada lingkungan rongga mulut. Penelitian dilakukan dengan tiga metode uji, yang pertama adalah metode heat treatment (annealing, quench, dan temper) dengan menggunakan oven furnace, metode kedua yaitu uji celup korosi dengan periode pencelupan 17 hari, dan metode ketiga adalah pengujian ion release. Hasil heat treatment (HT) menunjukan, nilai kekerasan material stainless steel 17-4 PH meningkat sebesar 1 HRC dan laju korosi material menurun dari 0.003 mm/year menjadi 0.00004 mm/year pada lingkungan rongga mulut. Hasil uji korosi menunjukan bahwa bakteri Streptococcus sobrinus dan jamur Candida albicans meningkatkan laju korosi dari material setelah HT sebesar 0.0021 mm/year dan 0.00048 mm/year. Hasil ion release menunjukan ion nikel yang terlarut sebesar 0.3 mg/L dan ion chromium sebesar 0.1 mg/L dan morfologi korosi pada permukaan sampel 17-4 PH setelah pencelupan 20 hari terbentuk pit dengan luas permukaan sebesar 11.40 μm2 dan 8.01 μm2. Hasil dari seluruh pengujian menyimpulkan material stainless steel 17-4 PH dapat digunakan sebagai material orthodontic bracket karena berdasarkan data laju korosi dan ion release material stainless steel 17-4 PH memenuhi spesifikasi yang dibutuhkan

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ABSTRACT
Malocclusion is a misalignment or incorrect relation between the teeth of the two dental arches when they approach each other as the jaws close. Based on the survey results of the WHO in 2006, adolescents who suffered malocclusion reached 89% in Indonesia. Malocclusion can be reduced by applying orthodontic treatment to patients by using orthodontic brackets. This study aims to determine the effects of heat treatment on corrosion rate and mechanical properties of stainless steel 17-4 PH, the influence of Streptococcus sobrinus bacteria and Candida albicans to corrosion rate, surface morphology and ion release of Stainless steel 17-4 PH. The study was conducted with three test methods. First, heat treatment of SS 17-4 PH, second is the immersion corrosion test methods for 17 days and third is the ion release test. The results of heat treatment (HT) show that stainless steel 17-4 PH corrosion rate decrease from 0.003 mm/year to 0.00004 mm/year in the oral environment. Corrosion test result of Streptococcus sobrinus has the greatest effect is 0.0021 mm/year and Candida albicans is 0.00048 mm/year. From the ion release test, the results showed that the dissolved nickel ions is 0.3 mg/L and for chromium is 0.1 mg / L. Morphology of 17-4 PH sampel was pit with area are 11.40 μm2 dan 8.01 μm2 for streptococcus sobrinus dan candida albican. Stainless steel 17-4 PH can be used as the material for orthodontic brackets based on the data of the corrosion rate and ion release.