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"Temulawak memiliki efek antibakteri. S. mutans dan A. actinomycetemcomitans merupakan bakteri penyebab karies dan penyakit periodontal. Tujuan: Membandingkan efek ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap viabilitas biofilm S. mutans dan A actinomycetemcomitans single dan dual species dalam berbagai fase pembentukan. Metode: Model biofilm diinkubasi selama 4 jam, 12 jam, dan 24 jam, kemudian dipapar ekstrak etanol temulawak 0,5%-25%. Hasil: Viabilitas biofilm single species S. mutans lebih rendah (p<0,05) dibanding kelompok biofilm lain. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna (p>0,05) antara viabilitas biofilm single species A. actinomycetemcomitans dan biofilm dual species. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol temulawak lebih efektif menurunkan viabilitas biofilm single species S. mutans.

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Curcuma xanthorrhiza has antibacterial property. S. mutans and A. actinomycetemcomitans cause caries and periodontal disease. Aim: Comparing Curcuma xanthrorrhiza ethanol extract?s to the viability of S. mutans and single and dual-species A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm in different formation phases. Methods: Biofilm models were incubated for 4, 12, and 24 hours, then exposed to 0.5%-25% Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract. Result: Single species S. mutans biofilm?s viability was significantly lower than other biofilm groups (p<0.05). Viability of single-species and dual-species A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm showed no significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanol extract is more effective in decreasing the single-species S. mutans biofilm?s viability."

"Latar belakang: Early Childhood Caries disebabkan oleh adanya aktivitas dari bakteri kariogenik, terutama Streptococcus mutans, yang dapat menurunkan pH lingkungan mulut. Veillonella spp., bakteri koagregrat Streptococcus mutans, dapat menaikkan pH lingkungan mulut. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbandingan kuantitas Streptococcus mutans dan Veillonella spp. saliva pada anak kategori risiko karies rendah dan tinggi. Metode: DNA Streptococcus mutans. dan Veillonella spp. dari ekstraksi saliva subjek dikuantifikasi menggunakan qPCR. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara jumlah bakteri pada anak dengan kategori karies rendah dan tinggi. Kesimpulan: Jumlah Streptococcus mutans maupun Veillonella spp. pada saliva anak dengan kategori risiko karies tinggi lebih banyak daripada risiko karies rendah.

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Background: Early Childhood Caries is caused by cariogenic bacteria's activity mainly Streptococcus mutans which decrease the oral environment's pH. Otherwise Veillonella spp coaggregration of Streptococcus mutans can raise the oral environment's pH.

Aim: To examine the quantity comparison of Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella spp in children's saliva with high risk and low risk caries.

Methods Quantification of DNA Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella spp extracted from subject's saliva using qPCR.

Results: There were significant differences between the number of bacteria in children with high risk and low risk caries.

Conclusion: There is a higherquantity of Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella spp in children's saliva with high risk caries than low risk caries."

"Latar Belakang: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) disebabkan oleh aktivitas Streptococcus mutans dengan cara memetabolisme karbohidrat menjadi asam laktat. Salah satu bakteri yang memfermentasikan asam laktat adalah Veillonella spp. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbandingan kuantitas Streptococcus mutans dan Veillonella spp. plak lidah anak kategori risiko karies rendah dan tinggi. Metode: Kuantitas Streptococcus mutans dan Veillonella spp. dari sampel plak lidah dikuantifikasi menggunakan qPCR. Hasil: Kuantitas Streptococcus mutans dan Veillonella spp. lebih banyak pada kategori risiko karies tinggi dibandingkan risiko karies rendah. Kesimpulan: Kuantitas Streptococcus mutans dan Veillonella spp. pada plak lidah anak kategori risiko karies rendah dan tinggi tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik.

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Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is caused by the activity of Streptococcus mutans by metabolize carbohydrates into lactic acid. One of the bacteria that fermenting lactic acid is Veillonella spp.

Objectives: To determine the comparison of Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella spp. quantity in tongue plaque of children with low-risk and high-risk caries.

Methods: Quantity of Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella spp. from tongue plaque samples were quantified using qPCR.

Results: Quantity of Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella spp. in high-risk caries is higher than low-risk caries.

Conclusion: There were no significant differences between Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella spp. quantity in tongue plaque with children with low-risk and high-risk caries."

"Deteksi Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumokokus) dilakukan dengan metode biakan dan PCR. Tujuan penelitian menentukan batas kemampuan tehnik PCR gen psaA mendeteksi inokulum pneumokokus dalam media cair sebelum inkubasi dan setelah inkubasi 24 jam. Penelitian secara eksperimental menggunakan S.pneumoniae ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) 49619 yang ditumbuhkan pada media agar darah domba. Sepuluh mililiter suspensi bakteri dengan densitas 6x107/ml, 6x106/ml, 6x105/ml, 6x104/ml, 6x103/ml, 6x102/ml, 60/ml, 6/ml dimasukkan dalam media cair BD BACTEC™ Plus Aerobic/F Culture Vials. Masing-masing densitas diinokulasikan ke dalam 20 media cair tersebut. Selanjutnya, dari tiap media cair yang telah diinokulasi, sebelum inkubasi maupun setelah inkubasi 24 jam, dilakukan pewarnaan Gram, diinokulasikan pada media agar darah domba, serta uji PCR untuk mendeteksi gen psaA. Bila ditemukan pertumbuhan koloni pneumokokus pada media agar darah, dilanjutkan uji katalase dan sensitivitas optochin. Uji PCR psaA "positif" bila ditemukan amplikon dengan berat molekul 838 pasang basa. Metode biakan dan PCR dinyatakan "mampu mendeteksi pneumokokus" bila > 60% dari 20 replicate memberikan hasil positif. Dari masing-masing 20 replicate dengan densitas bakteri dalam inokulum awal 6x107/ml, 6x106/ml, 6x105/ml, 6x104/ml, 6x103/ml, 6x102/ml, 60/ml, 6/ml sebelum inkubasi, jumlah replicate yang terdeteksi gen psaA berturut-turut adalah 9/20 replicate (45%), 9/20 (45%), 3/20 (15%), 1/20 (5%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%). Setelah inkubasi 24 jam berturut-turut adalah 20/20 replicate (100%), 18/20 (90%), 11/20 (55%), 8/20 (40%), 4/20 (20%), 2/20 (10%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%). Dari data kadar DNA ekstrak terlihat uji PCR psaA penelitian ini membutuhkan kadar DNA ≥ 84 ng/µL. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan diperlukan inkubasi 24 jam agar terdeteksi oleh uji PCR psaA dengan densitas pneumokokus dalam inokulum awal minimal 6x106/ml. Kelemahan penelitian adalah proses ekstraksi DNA tidak optimal sehingga kadar DNA ekstrak sangat bervariasi dan menyebabkan gen psaA tidak terdeteksi sebelum inkubasi.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal) detection can be done by culture and PCR methods. The purpose of this study was to determine the limits of psaA gene PCR in detecting pneumococcal inoculum prior to incubation and after 24 hours of incubation of liquid media. This experimental study used Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) 49619 which was grown on sheep blood agar. Ten mililiter of bacterial suspensions with initial density of 6x107/ml, 6x106/ml, 6x105/ml, 6x104/ml, 6x103/ml, 6x102/ml, 60/ml, 6/ml were inoculated into liquid media, BD BACTEC™ Plus Aerobic/F Culture Vials. Each bacterial density was inoculated into these 20 liquid medias. From each inoculated BD BACTEC™ Plus Aerobic/F Culture Vial, prior to incubation and after 24 hours of incubation, Gram staining, subculturing on sheep blood agar, and psaA gene PCR were done. When pneumococcal colonies were found on sheep blood agar, the colonies were tested for catalase and optochin sensitivity. PsaA gene were determined as "positive" when amplicons with molecular weight 838 pairs of bases were found.

Culture and PCR methods were determined as able to detect pneumococcus when > 60% of 20 replicates yield positive results. The psaA PCR positive result rate of initial bacterial density of 6x107/ml, 6x106/ml, 6x105/ml, 6x104/ml, 6x103/ml, 6x102/ml, 60/ml, 6/ml prior to incubation were 9/20 replicate (45%), 9/20 (45%), 3/20 (15%), 1/20 (5%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), respectively. After 24 hours of incubations were 20/20 replicate (100%), 18/20 (90%), 11/20 (55%), 8/20 (40%), 4/20 (20%), 2/20 (10%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), respectively. From the DNA extract data, it could be determined that this PCR method required a DNA concentration of ≥ 84 ng/µL.

Results showed a 24-hours incubation was needed in order to detect psaA by PCR and with the initial bacteria density of 6x106 organisms/ml in the inoculum. The weakness of study was DNA extraction process not optimal, shown by the variability of DNA concentration in the extracts which affected the ability of PCR to detect psaA gene prior to incubation."

"Streptococcus pneumoniae merupakan bakteri utama penyebab pneumonia pada anak dan kelompok usia lanjut. Sputum merupakan spesimen paling banyak diteliti untuk diagnosis pneumonia. Uji Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) untuk deteksi Streptococcus pneumoniae dapat menggunakan gen pneumococcal surface adhesin A (psaA) dengan primernya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kemampuan primer P1 gen psaA dalam mendeteksi Streptococcus pneumoniae pada isolat dari biakan sputum. Dilakukan uji PCR terhadap 32 isolat dengan morfologi khas Streptococcus pneumoniae. Empat belas dari 32 isolat adalah Streptococcus pneumoniae. Hasil yang didapatkan sama dengan hasil metoda biakan. Kemampuan deteksi primer untuk gen psaA adalah baik dengan sensitivitas dan spesifisitas 100%.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of pneumonia in children and the elderly. Sputum is the most frequently studied specimen for the diagnosis of pneumonia. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conducted to diagnose Streptococcus pneumoniae can use pneumococcal surface adhesin A (psaA) gene with its primer. This study aimed to evaluate the P1 primer for psaA gene ability in detecting Streptococcus pneumoniae from sputum isolates. PCR was conducted on 32 Streptococcus pneumoniae look-alike isolates. Fourteen isolates were identified as Streptococcus pneumoniae. The result was unanimous with the culture. The ability of primer for psaA was good with 100 % sensitivity and specificity."

"ABSTRAKMutans streptococci are considered as major bacteria in human dental caries, and S. mutans and S. sobrinus are the ones most commonly found in humans. It has been shown from previous study that the numbers of S. sobrinus in oral samples are usually underestimated, and the S. sobrinus colonies are often misidentified as S. mutans. The aim of this study was to identify S. mutans and S. sobrinus from dental plaque of children. Dental plaque samples were collected using sterile cotton swabs from first and second upper deciduous molars from 3 children. Samples of dental plaque were inoculated onto MSB-0.5% yeast extract-20% sucrose. Identification of S. mutans and S. sobrinus was performed using examination of colony morphology and biochemical analysis with inulin and rafinose. Identification results were then documented as digital images with Olympus Digital BX 51. S. mutans form convex, translucent colonies with rough margins, while the S. sobrinus colonies are translucent, circular, with pinpoints are smooth margins. Aglisining bubble often accumulates on top of the colony when excessive glucan is synthesized from sucrose. Biochemical analysis had showed positive reaction on S. mutans, and negative on S. sobrinus. From this study it can be concluded that S. mutans and S. sobrinus could be identified clearly with examination of colony morphology and biochemical analysis."

"Latar Belakang: Hubungan sinergistik antara bakteri etiologi karies Streptococcus mutans dan jamur patogen Candida albicans merupakan salah satu faktor yang berperan dalam memperparah penyakit karies. Selain itu, bakteri komensal Streptococcus salivarius telah dilaporkan dapat mempengaruhi pembentukan biofilm Streptococcus mutans dan Candida albicans ketika dikultur bersama-sama. Streptococcus salivarius telah diobservasi mampu menganggu sistem quorum sensing dari Streptococcus mutans dan mencegah perubahan morfologi Candida albicans dari ragi menjadi hifa. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh keberadaan whole protein Streptococcus salivarius terhadap pertumbuhan biofilm Streptococcus mutans dan Candida albicans dalam berbagai konsentrasi dan waktu. Metode: Dilakukan uji pembentukan biofilm Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 dan Candida albicans ATCC 10231 yang dipaparkan whole protein hasil metabolit Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 9222 dalam konsentrasi yang bervariasi (1%, 10%, 100%). Kemudian biofilm diinkubasi dengan durasi 3 jam, 24 jam, dan 48 jam untuk melihat efek keberadaan protein terhadap fase pembentukkan biofilm. Uji massa biofilm dilakukan dengan menggunakan crystal violet assay. Pengamatan dengan mikroskop cahaya dilakukan untuk mengobservasi morfologi biofilm. Perbandingan jumlah sel viabel Streptococcus mutans dan Candida albicans diuji dengan metode total plate count.Kesimpulan: Terdapat indikasi jika whole protein hasil metabolit Streptococcus salivarius menghambat pertumbuhan biofilm Streptococcus mutans dan Candida albicans bergantung pada konsentrasi protein dan waktu inkubasi biofilm.

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Background: Commensal bacteria Streptococcus salivarius has been reported to influence Streptococcus mutans or Candida albicans when cultured together.

Objective: To analyze the effect of the presence of Streptococcus salivarius whole protein on the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual-species biofilms in various concentrations and at various times representing the stage of biofilm formation.

Method: Biofilm formation assay was conducted for biofilm consisting of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. The exposure to whole protein from the metabolite of Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 9222 was done by infusing the spent medium in varying protein concentrations. Then the biofilm was incubated with varying duration to see the effect of the protein on different phase of biofilm formation. Biofilm mass measurement was carried out using crystal violet assay. Microscope observations were done to observe the morphology of the biofilm. Comparison of the number of viable cells between Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans was done with total plate count method.

Conclusion: There is an indication that the whole protein metabolite of Streptococcus salivarius inhibits the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual species biofilms depending on protein concentration and biofilm phase."

"Optimalisasi morfologi dan kristalinitas TiO2 nanotubes (TNT) yang difabrikasi pada permukaan Ti6Al4V dengan metode anodisasi dan dikristalisasi menggunakan variasi metode, yaitu pemanasan menggunakan furnace yang dialiri udara dengan variasi suhu operasi 500° - 800°C dan metode hydrothermal treatment dengan variasi suhu 150°-200°C selama 3 jam telah dilakukan. Hasil karakterisasi pada sampel menunjukkan adanya peralihan fase kristal dari anatase menjadi rutile pada rentang suhu 600°C - 650°C dengan ukuran kristal rata-rata pada setiap variasi adalah 18 nm. Hasil uji pembentukan biofilm secara in vitro dengan bakteri Streptococcus mutans menunjukkan sampel Ti6Al4V/TNT yang dikristalisasi pada suhu 600°C memiliki kinerja fotokatalitik yang paling baik, dengan hasil sebesar 21% konsentrasi bakteri yang menempel pada plat Ti6Al4V/TNT dibandingkan dengan model kontrol pada jam ke-24 pengukuran. Hasil ini menunjukkan sampel Ti6Al4V/TNT dengan suhu kristalisasi 600°C merupakan kondisi optimum untuk menghambat pembentukan biofilm dalam penelitian ini. Kinerja fotokatalitik pada bahan Ti6Al4V/TNT berpotensi untuk ditingkatkan menggunakan kombinasi teknologi lainnya.

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Morphology and crystalinity optimalization of TiO2 nanotubes (TNT) on Ti6Al4V using anodization method and various crystalization method (heat treatment by furnace within air stream at 500°-800°C and heat treatment using hydrothermal treatment method at 150°-200°C) had been done.

Characterizations of the samples show that there are a crystal phase changing from anatase to rutile at 600°-650°C in heat treatment using furnace, with 18 nm for crystal size in average.

Biofilm's test exhibit that Ti6Al4V/TNT sample that crystalized at 600°C has the best performance in inhibiting biofilm formation, which can achieve 19% of biofilm concentration on the material, compared to the control.

The result show that Ti6Al4V/TNT that crystalized at 600°C has the optimum morpholgy and crystalinity to inhibit the biofilm formation. The modified Ti6Al4V has great potential in biomedical application, due to its photocatalytic performance and TiO2 characteristics that can be combined with others technology to make better implants."

"Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) diketahui merupakan bakteri patogen utama dalam proses karies. Koloni S. mutans pada anak dapat terbentuk melalui transmisi S. mutans yang terutama bersumber dari ibu. S. mutans serotipe c, e, dan f diklasifikasikan berdasarkan pada komposisi kimia polisakarida spesifik serotipe dan sering ditemukan pada sampel plak. Sampel plak didapatkan dari 66 pasang anak usia 3-5 tahun dan ibunya. Metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) yang dipakai dengan menggunakan primer gtfB dalam penelitian ini telah mengkonfirmasi keberadaan S. mutans pada 46 sampel plak pasang anak dan ibunya. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara karies anak dan karies ibunya (p<0,05). Skor karies anak akan meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan skor karies ibu. Distribusi S. mutans serotipe c ditemukan dalam proporsi yang banyak, sedangkan S. mutans serotipe e ditemukan paling sedikit pada sampel plak anak usia 3 - 5 tahun dan ibunya.Terdapat hubungan tidak bermakna antara S. mutans serotipe c dan e dengan status karies anak dan ibunya (p>0,05). Terdapat hubungan sangat lemah, tidak bermakna antara S. mutans serotipe c dan e anak dengan ibunya (0,000 < r < 0,199; p>0,05).

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Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) are considered to be an important bacterial pathogen of dental caries. The major reservoir from which children acquire these organisms is their mothers. S. mutans is classified into three serotypes, c, e and f, based on the chemical composition of its cell surface serotype-specific polysacharide. S. mutans serotypes c,e and f were reported to be frequently isolated from human dental plaque. Plaque samples were collected from 66 3- to 5-years-old and mothers with caries. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method using gtfB primer in this research has confirmed S. mutans from 46 dental plaque samples child-mother pairs. There is significant relationship between children caries score and mother caries score (p<0.05). Child caries score increases as mother caries score rise. Distribution of serotype c S. mutans has more prevalent detected than serotype e S. mutans. There is no significant relationship (p>0.05) between serotype c/e S. mutans and child-mother caries score. There is also no significant relationship (0,000 < r < 0,199 ;p>0,05) between serotype c/e S. mutans in children and their mothers."

"S. mutans dan S. sobrinus di dalam rongga mulut merupakan dua bakteri yang amat sering dikaitkan dengan terjadinya karies. Untuk mencegah karies perlu menjaga kebersihan mulut, salah satunya yakni dengan cara sikat gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh penyikatan gigi menggunakan pasta gigi triklosan terhadap jumlah S. mutans dan S. sobrinus. Metode: Plak dan saliva subjek diambil sebelum (sebagai baseline), sesudah, 3 jam setelah, dan 9 jam setelah menyikat gigi dengan pasta gigi triklosan. Pengambilan sampel kontrol juga dilakukan pada subjek yang sama, yaitu setelah sikat gigi tanpa menggunakan pasta gigi. Sampel kemudian diekstraksi DNA dan dikuantifikasi dengan real time PCR. Hasil: Rata-rata jumlah Streptococcus mutans setelah sikat gigi dengan pasta gigi triklosan sudah kembali seperti nilai baseline setelah 3 jam pada sampel plak, dan pada sampel saliva terus menurun hingga jam ke 9. Sedangkan rata-rata jumlah Streptococcus sobrinus pada plak tidak menurun setelah penyikatan gigi, namun pada saliva terus menurun. Untuk semua sampel, rata-rata kenaikan jumlah bakteri lebih sedikit dibandingkan kontrol. Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan jumlah Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sobrinus dalam plak dan saliva setelah penyikatan gigi menggunakan pasta gigi triklosan, namun perbedaan ini tidak signifikan secara statistik.

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S. mutans and S. sobrinus have been strongly associated to caries. In order to prevent caries the oral hygiene must be maintained, and one way to do so is by using a dentifrice.

Objectives: Identifying the effect of using a triclosan dentifrice to the quantities of S. mutans and S. sobrinus.

Methods: The dental plaque and saliva is collected before, right after, 3 hours after, and 9 hours after brushing with the triclosan dentifrice. A control sample is also collected from subjects brushing the teeth without any dentifrice. The samples DNA are then extracted and quantified by real time PCR.

Results: In the dental plaque, the mean quantity of S. mutans has already reached baseline after 3 hours while in the saliva, the mean amount continues to decrease up until 9 hours. No decrease of S. sobrinus was found in the dental plaque, unlike in the saliva, which continues to show decrease. For all samples, the mean increase of Streptococcus mutans bacteria is lower than the control group.

Conclusion: Quantitative differences of S. mutans and S. sobrinus after treatment with triclosan can be seen, but none showed any statistically significant difference."