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"Kondisi penyediaan listrik di Indonesia terlihat ironis. Terjadi kekurangan pasokan listrik di tengah beragamnya potensi sumber energi primer. Namun, PLN tidak dapat memilih sumber energi primer yang efisien seperti tenaga air dan energi panas bumi. Pilihan tersebut masih didominasi oleh bahan bakar fosil. PLN adalah satu-satunya penjual listrik kepada masyarakat dan juga pembeli tunggal listrik dari pemasok yang selanjutnya disebut sebagai perusahaan restricted monopoly. Penelitian ini berupaya mengungkap proses pengambilan keputusan strategis pemilihan jenis pembangkit oleh TMT PLN periode 1998 ndash;2014 dengan mengembangkan pendekatan strategic choices melalui metodologi kualitatif pada studi kasus tunggal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teori-teori dasar manajemen stratejik yang ada selama ini, diantaranya: resource-based view, market-based view, agency theory dan shareholder theory tidak dapat diterapkan dalam konteks pengambilan keputusan strategis pada corporate strategy level untuk perusahaan seperti PLN yang sepenuhnya dimiliki negara sekaligus sebagai pemegang kuasa atas sumberdaya. Namun, kepemilikan saham oleh pemerintah ini terbagi pada kekuatan stakeholders utama lainnya yang memiliki kedudukan yang sama dalam pemerintahan dengan kepentingannya masing-masing atau mempunyai three masters under one shareholder. Dengan kondisi tersebut, pengambilan keputusan PLN dihadapkan pada konflik kepentingan diantara tiga master tersebut, keterbatasan keuangan perusahaan, beragam bentuk pengawasan dari pemerintah, dan dinamika percaturan politik. Selain itu, dipertimbangkan pula perencanaan strategis bauran energi primer yang dilihat dari perkiraan kebutuhan listrik, kebijakan energi nasional, serta ketersediaan energi primer. Implikasi hasil penelitian diarahkan pada pengembangan teori pada ilmu manajemen stratejik di perusahaan publik dengan memperluas keterkaitan antara strategic management dengan political economy. Kompleksitas peran negara yang diwakili oleh tiga institusi dalam pengelolaan sumberdaya secara strategis menimbulkan ketidakpastian keberlanjutan penyediaan listrik jangka panjang. Meskipun demikian, bagaimana cara paling sesuai untuk pengelolaan BUMN seperti ini dari sudut pandang ilmu manajemen stratejik akan menjadi tantangan untuk didalami lebih lanjut.

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In Indonesia, electricity supply condition looks ironic. There has been a shortage of electricity supply amid diverse primary energy resources. However, PLN cannot perform on the choice of the efficient primary energy resources like hydro and geothermal energy. It is still dominated by fossil fuel. PLN is the sole seller of electricity to the public as well as the single buyer from suppliers hereinafter referred to as a restricted monopoly company. This research attempts to reveal the strategic decision making process of choosing the type of power plants by PLN TMT of 1998 2014 periods with developing strategic choices approach through qualitative methodology on a single case study.

The result of this research shows that basic theories of strategic management that exist so far, including resource based view, market based view, agency theory and shareholder theory cannot be applied in the context of strategic decision making at the corporate strategy level for such companies as PLN, which is fully owned by the state as well as the holder of resources. However, ownership by the government is divided on the power of other major stakeholders who have the same position in the government with their own interests or having three masters under one the shareholder.Under these conditions, decision making by PLN faced with a conflict of interests among the three masters, limited financial capacity to invest, various forms of government supervision, and the dynamics of political arena. In addition, it is also taken into consideration the strategic planning of primary energy mix that viewed from estimation of electricity demand in accordance with customer load behavior and generation technologies, national energy policy that still requires General Plan on National Energy RUEN in order to integrate the energy management plan by the state and the Electricity Supply Business Plan by PLN, as well as the availability of primary energy to fulfill electricity needs in the long term.

Finally, the implication of this research is directed to reinforce of thought in developing the theory on the science of strategic management in public companies especially those that doing business in the electricity sector by extending the linkages between strategic management with political economy. The complexities of the state role as represented by three institutions in managing resource strategically lead to uncertainty of the electricity supply sustainability. Nevertheless, how the most appropriate way to manage the state owned enterprises like this from the perspective of strategic management will be challenging to be explored further."

"Wilayah konflik membutuhkan sebuah model prediktif yang mendukung pengambilan keputusan kemanusiaan secara cepat dan berbasis data yang adaptif. Penelitian ini mengembangkan kerangka prediksi berbasis Ensemble Machine Learning dan Explainable AI (XAI) untuk mendukung pengambilan keputusan strategis dalam operasikemanusiaan di wilayah tersebut. Model ini diintegrasikan ke dalam siklus Planning for Results (PfR) untuk mendukung perencanaan berbasis risiko. Kerangka kerja mencakup lima tahap: pengumpulan data, pengembangan model, validasi, interpretasi XAI, dan konversi hasil ke rencana operasional.Model Ensemble menggunakan algoritma Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost, dan LightGBM, dengan validasi K-Fold dan Rolling Window. Teknik XAI seperti SHAP, LIME, PDP dan ALE digunakan untuk menginterpretasi fitur penting. Performa yang sangat baik dan tingkat akurasi yang tinggi ditunjukan oleh modelnya sebagai hasilpengujian : Fatalitas Politik (MAE=0,05, RMSE=0,163, TADDA=0,053), Fatalitas Sipil (MAE=0,002, RMSE=0,016, TADDA=0,001), Demonstrasi (MAE=0,0281, RMSE=0,1207, TADDA=0,026), Monitoring Berita (Akurasi=99%, Recall=100%, F1-Score=98%) dan Insiden Keamanan: (Akurasi=98%, Recall=96%, F1-Score=91%). Data People in Need (PIN) digunakan sebagai acuan untuk penargetan geografis dan prioritisasi zona bantuan. Studi kasus di Afghanistan menunjukkan efektivitas kerangka ini dalam memetakan risiko, menyusun jalur aman untuk pergerakan, dan mendukung intervensi kemanusiaan secara akurat dan transparan.

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Conflict areas require a predictive model that supports rapid and adaptive data-driven humanitarian decision-making. This research develops a predictive framework based on Ensemble Machine Learning and Explainable AI (XAI) to support strategic decision-making in humanitarian operations in the region. This model is integrated into the Planning for Results (PfR) cycle to support risk-based planning. The framework includes five stages: data collection, model development, validation, XAI interpretation, and conversion of results into an operational plan.

The Ensemble Model uses Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost, and LightGBM algorithms, with K-Fold and Rolling Window validation. XAI techniques such as SHAP, LIME, PDP, and ALE are used to interpret important features. The model demonstrated excellent performance and high accuracy levels as a result of the tests: Political Fatalities (MAE=0.05, RMSE=0.163, TADDA=0.053), Civilian Fatalities (MAE=0.002, RMSE=0.016, TADDA=0.001), Demonstrations (MAE=0.0281, RMSE=0.1207, TADDA=0.026), News Monitoring (Accuracy=99%, Recall=100%, F1-Score=98%), and Security Incidents (Accuracy=98%, Recall=96%, F1-Score=91%). People in Need (PIN) data is used as a reference for geographical targeting and prioritization of aid zones. Case studies in Afghanistan demonstrate the effectiveness of this framework in mapping risks, establishing safe routes for movement, and supporting humanitarian interventions accurately and transparently."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat dampak kebijakan publik dalam hal ini kebijakan upah minimum terhadap kinerja perusahaan sektor industri padat karya serta tindakan yang direncanakan oleh perusahaan agar kinerja perusahaan tetap tumbuh. Kenaikan upah minimum yang tinggi dan tidak dapat terprediksi membuat perusahaan harus merencanakan keputusan untuk melakukan perubahan, perencanaan tersebut mengadopsi Theory of Planned Behavior yang di implementasikan dalam Strategic Decision Making. Attitude to Paying Minimum Wage, Interest Group Pressure yaitu serikat pekerja, pemerintah, konsumen; dan Projected Law Enforcement atas peraturan ketenagakerjaan; mendorong keinginan perusahaan untuk mengubah Intention to Change strategi perusahaan dan kemudian mengambil keputusan untuk melakukan perubahan Decision to Change dengan organizational downsizing, relocation dan penggunaan teknologi untuk meningkatkan efisiensi perusahaan.Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 206 perusahaan industri padat karya dengan jumlah karyawan minimal 100 orang setiap perusahaan, pengolahan data menggunakan Structural Equation Modelling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Attitude to Paying Minimum Wage dan Interest Group Pressure berpengaruh positif terhadap Intention to Change dari perusahaan, sedangkan Projected Law Enforcement tidak berpengaruh terhadap Intention to Change perusahaan. Intention to Change perusahaan berpengaruh positif terhadap Decision to Change, dan ternyata Decision to Change berpengaruh negatif terhadap kinerja perusahaan untuk jangka waktu tertentu karena biaya untuk melakukan perubahan cukup tinggi. Kontribusi teoritikal penelitian ini adalah menggabungkan teori psikologi dengan teori strategic management dan melakukan investigasi penerapan multi behavior pada level perusahaan. Implikasi praktikal bagi perusahaan adalah untuk merencanakan perubahan strategi terkait efisiensi biaya ketenagakerjaan secara matang karena biaya perubahan yang tinggi dan bagi pemerintah agar berhati-hati dalam menentukan kebijakan upah minimum karena akan berdampak tidak saja pada penyerapan tenaga kerja namun juga berkurangnya industri padat karya

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This research is aimed to observe the impacts of public policy in this case, the minimum wage policy, towards the performances of companies in labor-intensive industry sector, and the measures planned by those companies to maintain performance growth. The high and unpredictable increase of minimum wage force the companies to plan and change their strategy. This study is combining strategic management and the theory of Planned Behavior to asses company Strategic Decision Making that consist of organizational downsizing, relocation and use of technology to increase efficiency.This research is conducted to 206 labor intensive companies in the industry with minimum employees of 100 persons. The data processing is done using Structural Equation Modeling. The result shows that Attitude to Paying Minimum Wage and Interest Group Pressure have positive impacts towards Intention to Change of the companies, while Projected Law Enforcement has no bearing whatsoever towards Intention to Change. Companies rsquo; Intention to Change has positive impacts towards the Decision to Change. The Decision to Change of organizational downsizing, relocation and use of technology to increase efficiency turns out to have negative impacts on performances for a certain length of time, due to the costs required to do those changes are quite high. Theoretical contribution from this research comes from the combination of psychological theory and strategic management theory and the investigation of multi behavior implementations at company level. Practical implications for the companies comes in the form of the changing of strategic plan due to the efficiency of labor cost and the high cost of changing investment. In determining minimum wage policy, Government should have careful thought because it is not only have an impact on labor absorption but also likely decreasing in labor intensive industries."