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"In this research, an optimization and improvement of gas spring design is discussed. The gas spring is used as a suspension component of an energy storing prosthetic knee. The gas spring replaces the quadricep muscles of transfemoral amputee. A deterministic and a stochastic optimization is proposed in this research. Both models are used to determine the optimal design variables of the gas spring: cylinder diameter, cylinder length, extension stroke, and compression stroke. The optimal design variables resulted from the deterministic optimization model must be further analyzed to determine the effect of its variation to the objective function. Monte Carlo simulation is used to determine the effect of such variation and making improvement when necessary. Process capability index (Cp) is used as a criteria to make such improvement considering the contribution to variation of design variables to the objective function. Stochastic optimization is proposed to find the optimal design variables by taking into consideration the randomness of its parameters. The objective function of the stochastic optimization is to maximize the capability process. Both Monte Carlo simulation and stochastic optimization was solved using Oracle Crystal Ball Software. From the simulation, the reduction of compression stroke and extension stroke standard deviations resulted in 30% improvement of energy storage standard deviation. The Cp is also improved about 70% from 0.99 to 1.44. The stochastic optimization resulted in extension stroke and compression stroke which are shorter than deterministic optimization with 1.25 process capabilty."

"The book discusses the recent research trends in various sub-domains of computing, communication and control. It includes research papers presented at the First International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Science. Focusing on areas such as optimization techniques, game theory, supply chain, green computing, 5g networks, Internet of Things, social networks, power electronics and robotics, it is a useful resource for academics and researchers alike."

"The book discusses the recent research trends in various sub-domains of computing, communication and control. It includes research papers presented at the First International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Science. Focusing on areas such as optimization techniques, game theory, supply chain, green computing, 5g networks, Internet of Things, social networks, power electronics and robotics, it is a useful resource for academics and researchers alike."

"Penelitian ini menyajikan analisis komprehensif mengenai peramalan beban puncak jangka panjang dan perencanaan ekspansi pembangkit listrik di sistem Kalimantan, Peramalan beban yang diakukan pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode regresi liner dengan Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). Dibandingkan dengan penelitian sebelumnya, selain nilai beban puncak tahunan yang diramalkan, nilai probabilitas setiap scenario juga dihitung berdasarkan distribusi normal kumulatif. Perencanaan ekspansi pembangkit dilakukan dengan parameter probabilitas setiap scenario dengan pendekatan Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP). Model regresi yang dikembangkan untuk periode 2018–2024 menunjukkan performa prediksi yang kuat, dengan nilai R² sebesar 92,47%, yang secara efektif menggambarkan variasi beban puncak. Proyeksi hasil peramalan menunjukkan peningkatan beban puncak yang signifikan hingga tahun 2035 mencapai 7 GW, terutama akibat pertumbuhan ekonomi, urbanisasi, industrialisasi, serta pembangunan Ibu Kota Negara (IKN). Empat skenario ekspansi pembangkit yang mengombinasikan teknologi konvensional dan energi terbarukan dianalisis, masing-masing memiliki probabilitas yang sama sebesar 25%. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa skenario konservatif yang bergantung pada pembangkit konvensional menghasilkan biaya operasional yang lebih tinggi sebagai akibat dari harga bahan bakar fosil yang tinggi, yang membuatnya kurang ekonomis dalam jangka panjang. Sebaliknya, skenario agresif yang menggabungkan energi terbarukan menawarkan efisiensi biaya operasional yang signifikan, meskipun memerlukan investasi awal yang lebih besar. Penelitian ini menunjukkan hal ini. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian menyarankan bauran energi terbarukan yang kuat sebesar 40% di sistem Kalimantan pada tahun 2035 untuk mendukung transisi energi berkelanjutan dan mencapai target net zero emission Indonesia dalam jangka panjang.

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This research presents a comprehensive analysis of long-term peak load forecasting and power plant expansion planning in the Kalimantan system. The load forecasting conducted in this study uses the linear regression method with the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). Compared to previous research, in addition to the forecasted annual peak load values, the probability values for each scenario are also calculated based on the cumulative normal distribution. The power plant expansion planning is conducted using the probability parameters for each scenario with the Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) approach. The regression model developed for the period 2018–2024 shows strong predictive performance, with an R² value of 92.47%, effectively capturing the variation in peak load. Forecast projections indicate a significant increase in peak load until 2035, reaching 7 GW, primarily due to economic growth, urbanization, industrialization, and the development of the National Capital City (IKN). Four power plant expansion scenarios combining conventional technology and renewable energy were analysed, each with an equal probability of 25%. The analysis results show that the conservative scenario relying on conventional plants incurs higher operational costs due to high fossil fuel prices, making it less economical in the long run. In contrast, the aggressive scenario combining renewable energy offers significant operational cost efficiency, although it requires a larger initial investment. This research demonstrates this. Overall, the research suggests a strong renewable energy mix of 40% in the Kalimantan system by 2035 to support a sustainable energy transition and achieve Indonesia's long-term net-zero emissions target."