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Abstrak :
The aim of the present paper is an analysis of four most frequent Colloquial Indonesian discourse particles (lho, kok, sih and dong) and the comparison of their occurrences in both spontaneous spoken conversations as well as in written texts (articles from a youth magazine). The author's motivation for choosing the terms discourse particles (instead of for example pragmatic particles) is explained and a new definition of the phenomenon is proposed. First the particles' meanings as given in various dictionaries are presented, it is followed by examples from spontaneous conversations. Next, examples from written text are given, followed by an analysis of possible differences and similarities in meaning. Finally, the possible particles' meanings are presented as sample sentences using the explication method. In the Conclusions, the author makes an attempt at answering the question whether the discourse particles in Colloquial Indonesian can be considered to be a separate word class.

Abstrak :
Bahasa Rusia adalah salah satu bahasa asing yang diminati oleh pemelajar, terutama tingkat universitas, di berbagai negara, termasuk Indonesia. Pemelajaran bahasa Rusia di Indonesia dilakukan di dua universitas, salah satunya di Universitas Indonesia. Bahasa Rusia adalah bahasa target (TL) mahasiswa yang mempelajari bahasa tersebut di universitas ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori analisis kesalahan dan metode kuantitatif. Hal yang perlu diperhatikan adalah penelitian ini tidak mengikutsertakan kesalahan tingkat substansi atau tingkat wacana melainkan hanya pada tingkat teks, yaitu pada penggunaan kasusnya saja. Kesalahan tersebut dikelompokkan menurut enam kasus bahasa Rusia (Shvedova, 1980a, 1980b). Penelitian ini melibatkan 15 orang mahasiswa Program Studi Rusia Universitas Indonesia dari angkatan 2016, 2017, dan 2018 untuk diwawancara dalam bahasa Rusia dengan spontan. Dari 616 kalimat yang diucapkan oleh 15 orang mahasiswa, ada 161 kesalahan penggunaan kasus di dalam 116 kalimat. Adapun kesalahan tersebut disebabkan tidak adanya sistem perubahan menurut kasus di dalam bahasa ibu mereka. Sementara untuk kasus yang paling banyak ditemukan kesalahan penggunaannya adalah kasus preposisional (64 kesalahan), karena seringnya penggunaan ungkapan yang membutuhkan preposisi в/на /v, na/ ‘di…, pada…’ dengan kasus preposisional. Adapun kasus yang paling sedikit ditemukan kesalahan adalah kasus datif (6 kesalahan), karena jarangnya penggunaan ungkapan-ungkapan yang memerlukan kasus datif, seperti umur dan beberapa kata kerja dengan pengendalian dalam kasus datif. ......The Russian language is one of the most interesting foreign languages for learners, especially university-degree students, in various countries, also in Indonesia. Russian as a foreign language learning nowadays is conducted only at two universities in Indonesia, one of them, Universitas Indonesia (UI). Russian is the target language (TL) of the students who learn this language at this university. This research uses error analysis theory and quantitative method. We need to emphasise that this research does not include substance level and discourse level errors, but only text level errors, i.e. case usage errors. The errors will be categorised according to the six Russian grammatical cases (Shvedova, 1980a, 1980b). This research involved 15 students of Russian Studies of Universitas Indonesia from the academic years of 2016, 2017, and 2018 to be interviewed in Russian spontaneously. From 616 sentences produced by the 15 students, there are 161 case usage errors in 116 sentences. These errors seem to be affected by the absence of grammatical case inflection system in their mother tongue. The case usage errors that were found the most are the prepositional case (64 errors), since there are many expressions used with the preposition в/на /v, na/ ‘in…, on…’ and prepositional case. In contrary, the fewest errors are dative case errors (6 errors), because there are only some expressions with dative case, such as the expression of age and words with dative case government.