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"early childood stage is very critical. In this stage, children learn a lot of things and gain experiences in an extraordinary pace....."

"The key of a brand extension success is the perceived fit between the brand extension with its parent brand. The brand extension success itself will usually result in a high consumer acceptance and a low introduction cost for the marketer. However, understanding of this perceived is still dominated by the need to have a product feature similarity between brand extension and its parent brand. This study, on the other hand, confirms few findings that the brand effect is a stronger influenced to perceived fit than product feature similarity. Using 4 consumer package brands, the experiment conducted in this study shows that brand effect measured through brand specific associations is a far more realible determinant in increasing the probability of success for a brand extension. In addition, this study also tested the impact of different brand extension strategy (direct and associative/indirect) to find that the both strategy will provide similar positive consumer evaluation if the brand specific associations are consistent, but the associative brand extension strategy may be a better choice undera lack of brand specific associations consistency but still with similarity in the product features."

"ABSTRAKEutrophication, a process in which water bodies experience excessive growth of aquatic plants due to accumulation of land orginated nutriens especially phosphorus and nitrogen, has become a worldwide coastal environmental problem. Its negative impacts have been well known including oxygen depletion, harmful algal blooms, biodiversity reduction and ecosystem degradation. Unfortunately, the occurrence of those impacts is often not well anticipated as the instruments for assessing the quality of coastal and marine environmental are weak and hardly available. Therefor, there has been a growing concern in developing appropriate methods for assessing coastal and marine eutrophication. One of the most widely used methods is trophic index due to its good efficacy. However, it is still questionable whether TRIX is a universal index of eutrophication or the scaling of TRIX should be region specific."

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai liberalisasi sektor telekomunikasi di Indonesia sebagai bentuk komitmen Indonesia di WTO, khususnya ketentuan General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) dengan melihat pada Schedule of Commitment dan regulasi domestik Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode nonnatif preskriptif untuk melihat scjauh mana perkembangan liberalisasi sektor telekomunikasi di Indonesia serta kesiapan Indonesia dalam rnenghadapi liberaJisasi agar dapat memanfuatkan peluang sekaligus melindungi kepentingan nasional Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa liberalisasi sektor telekornunikasi di Indonesia telah dimulai dengan pemberlakuan Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 1999 Tentang Telekomunikasi serta berakhimya konsep monopoli di sektor telekomunikasi Indonesia. Dalam perkembangannya pemerintah telah melakukan upaya yang cukup menunjang dalam rangka menghadapi liberalisasi agar dapat efektif memanfaatkan hasil libernlisasi.

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This thesis is concerning about liberalization of telecommunication sector in Indonesia as Indonesian's commitment in WTO, especially stipulation in General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) by refers on Schedule of Commitment and domestic regulation in Indonesia. This research is conducted using nonnative prescriptive methods to discover how far are the liberalizations of telecommunication sector development in Indonesia and the preparation of the country in dealing with liberalization so it will be able to take advantage of opportunities and also to protect Indonesia’s interests. The result of the research shows that the liberalizations of telecommunication sector in Indonesia has initiated by the Act no 36, 1999 About Telecommunication and the end of monopoly concept in Telecommunication sector of Indonesia. Within the development, the govermment conducted moderate value of supporting effort in order to deal with liberalization to be effective in utilize liberalization output."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini menganalisis dampak regulasi Obat-obat Tertentu OOT yang diterapkan kepada perusahaan farmasi produsen OOT pada tahun 2018 terhadap jumlah produksi OOT. Menggunakan metode pendekatan difference-in-differences DID, penelitian ini melihat pengaruh pada 5 lima kelompok OOT. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara umum terjadi penurunan jumlah produksi OOT sebesar 8.072.811 satuan OOT. Penurunan jumlah produksi OOT ini dipengaruhi oleh adanya regulasi dan dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain yaitu kenaikan harga bahan baku obat bahan aktif obat serta penetapan harga obat jadi untuk pelayanan jaminan kesehatan nasional yang ketat. Faktor selain regulasi ini mendorong produsen OOT untuk mengurangi jumlah produksi agar tetap mempertahankan skala ekonomi perusahaan. Variabel yang mempunyai pengaruh terhadap penurunan produksi yaitu golongan obat generik untuk sediaan obat bentuk tablet, pada perusahaan yang multiproduk dengan status perusahaan milik negara BUMN. Perbandingan tingkat produksi dengan kebutuhan obat pada tahun sebelum berlakunya regulasi menunjukkan jumlah produksi masih di atas kebutuhan dan setelah berlaku regulasi jumlah produksi di bawah dari jumlah kebutuhan. Hal ini akan berdampak pada ketersediaan dan harga OOT di sarana pelayanan kesehatan. Hasil ini menggarisbawahi bahwa regulasi di bidang farmasi akan memberikan dampak salah satunya pada pada keputusan produsen dalam menetapkan jumlah produksi obat. Pengawasan yang efektif perlu mempertimbangkan efisiensi sumber daya dengan tetap menjaga ketersediaan obat untuk kebutuhan terapi.

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ABSTRACTThis study analyzes estimate the impact of the regulation of Spesific Drugs OOT applied to pharmaceutical companies producing OOT in 2018 on the response of the pharmaceutical industry in the form of OOT production. Using the difference-in-differences DID approach, this study looked at the effect on 5 five OOT groups. The results of this study indicate that there is a general decrease in the amount of OOT production by 8072,811 OOT units. The decrease in the amount of OOT production is not only influenced by the regulation but also by other factors, namely the increase in the price of drug raw materials active ingredients of drugs and the determination of the price of finished drugs for strict national health insurance services. Factors other than this regulation encourage OOT producers to reduce the amount of production to maintain the companys economies of scale. Variables that affect production decline are generic drug classes for tablet drug preparations, in multiproduct companies with state-owned company BUMN status. Comparison of production level with the need for drugs in the year before the enactment of the regulation of the amount of production is still above the requirement and after the regulation of the amount of production is below the amount of demand, this will have an impact on the availability and price of OOT in health care facilities. These results underline that regulations in the pharmaceutical field will have an impact, one of which, on the decision of producers in determining the amount of drug production. Effective supervision needs to consider the efficiency of resources while maintaining the availability of drugs for therapeutic needs."

"The changes in stream water temperture help to identify the mechanism that generates the initil response . "

"Keladi tikus [Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Bl.] adalah salah satu tanaman yang secara empiris telah digunakan sebagai obat batuk, radang kulit, radang tenggorokan dan sebagai ekspektoran serta akhir-akhir ini tengah dikembangkan sebagai terapi alternatif untuk pengobatan kanker. Dalam rangka meningkatkan mutu obat tradisional, dilakukan upaya standardisasi simplisia dan ekstrak herbal. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan penetapan beberapa parameter standar ekstrak etanol herba keladi tikus yang meliputi parameter spesifik, non spesifik dan pola kromatografi lapis tipis. Berdasarkaan hasil penelitian didapat data parameter spesifik, antara lain rendemen ekstrak dari daerah Bogor 16,76%, Yogyakarta 16,93% dan Sidoarjo 18,01%, kadar senyawa larut dalam air ekstrak dari Bogor 11,70, Yogyakarta 13,53% dan Sidoarjo 12,37%, kadar senyawa yang larut dalam etanol ekstrak dari Bogor 0,83%, Yogyakarta 0,99% dan Sidoarjo 2,00%. Untuk parameter non spesifik didapat susut pengeringan ekstrak dari Bogor 19,50%, Yogyakarta 14,21% dan Sidoarjo 16,58%, kadar abu total ekstrak dari Bogor 10,23%, Yogyakarta 11,43%, dan Sidoarjo 8,63%, kadar abu tidak larut dalam asam ekstrak dari Bogor 1,07%, Yogyakarta 0,81 dan Sidoarjo 1,32%, kadar air ekstrak dari Bogor 20,30%, Yogyakarta 11,43% dan Sidoarjo 17,03%, sisa pelarut etanol 0,21%. Pola kromatografi lapis tipis diperoleh dengan menggunakan fase gerak toluena-etil asetat (93:7) dan penampak bercak asam sulfat 5% dalam etanol. Pada kromatograf sebelum disemprot dengan penampak bercak, pada pengamatan di bawah sinar UV 365 nm terlihat bercak berfluorescensi kuning pada Rf 0,54. Setelah disemprot dengan asam sulfat 5% dalam etanol dan dipanaskan terlihat 3 bercak, bercak 1 berwarna merah muda (Rf 0,90), bercak 2 berwarna kuning oranye (Rf 0,79) dan bercak 3 berwarna ungu (Rf 0,36). Pada sinar ultraviolet panjang gelombang 254 nm dan 365 nm tampak 4 bercak yang berfluoresensi kuning (Rf 0,90, 0,79, 0,54 dan 0,36). Pengamatan kromatografi lapis tipis densitometer menghasilkan pola kromatogram pada panjang gelombang 254 nm dan 365 nm. Pola spektrum serapan yang dihasilkan dari ketiga daerah tersebut hampir sama.Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Bl. is known as one of the herbal medicine that has been used empirically to cure cough, sore throat inflamation, pyoderma, as an expectorant and now a days as alternative therapies for cancer. To increase the quality of traditional medicine, the plant and the herbal extract should be standardized. In this research, determination of parametric standard for ethanolic extract for Typhonium flagelliforme has been done such as specific and non specific parametric , also the thin layer chromatograms. The results showed that ethanolic extract of Typhonium flagelliforme from three region of Indonesia (Bogor, Yogyakarta and Sidoarjo) consist closely parametric value. Specific parametric which had been detemined was rendement value extract from Bogor 16,76%, Yogyakarta 16,93% and Sidoarjo 18,01%, water soluble extractive extract from Bogor 11,70%, Yogyakarta 13,53% and Sidoarjo 12,37%, ethanolic soluble extractive extract from Bogor 0,83%, Yogyakarta 0,99% and Sidoarjo 2,00%. While non specific parametric showed the lost of drying extract from Bogor 19,50%, Yogyakarta 14,21% and Sidoarjo 16,58%, total ash content extract from Bogor 10,23%, Yogyakarta 11,43% and Sidoarjo 8,63%, acid insoluble ash extract from Bogor 1,07%, Yogyakarta 0,81% and Sidoarjo 1,32%, water content extract from Bogor 20,30%, Yogyakarta 19,88% and Sidoarjo 17,03%, solvent residue 0,21%. The thin layer chromatograms and the densitometer thin layer chromatograms spot was developed using mobile phase of toluene-ethylacetate (93:7) and sulfuric acid 5% in ethanolic sprayer. In observation at 365 nm UV wavelength gave spot with yellow fluorescens with Rf 0,54. Observation of the thin layer chromatograms gave three spots after the layer have been sprayed with sulfuric acid 5% in ethanol and heated, spot 1 with pink colour (Rf 0,90), spot 2 with orange colour (Rf 0,79) and spot 3 have purple colour (Rf 0,36). While observation at 254 nm and 365 nm ultraviolet wavelength gave four spots of yellow fluorescens (Rf 0,90, 0,79, 0,54 and 0,36). Observation using the densitometer 254nm and 365 nm gave chromatograms which the spectrum of absorption from three region is almost the same."