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Abstrak :
This book offers a new slant on the relations between warfare and state construction. Historians looking at how war funding impinged on state development, and how state growth made wars more demanding affairs, have tended to downplay the role of military provisioning entrepreneurs. Written off as corrupt and selfish, these entrepreneurs conflicted with the received view of a rationally growing and modernizing state. This book (or the Spanish case during the eighteenth century) shows that the state-entrepreneur relationship was much more fluid and constant than previously thought. The state was not able to enforce a top-down military supply policy; at the same time it benefited from the entrepreneurs collaboration and their shared mercantilist ambitions. The entrepreneurs mobilization of Spains military supplies was crucial for extending state authority and helped to knit together national and colonial markets. However, the fluid state-entrepreneur relationship gradually became shrouded in privileges and monopolies, not so much driven by ideology or imposed by the entrepreneurs, but rather as an arrangement exploited by the state to boost its control over them, whittling down middlemen and ensuring the solvency and creditworthiness of the chosen few. This arrangement spiralled into a risky interdependence and cramped entrepreneurial competition. The book furnishes new insights into the role of military entrepreneurs in debates about warfare and state construction.

Abstrak :
This study analyses how the link between politics and conscience was articulated and shaped by confessors as counsellors to monarchs throughout the seventeenth century. Against the backdrop of the momentous intellectual, theological, and political shifts during this period, it examines comparatively how ethical challenges of political action were confronted in Spain and France and how questions of conscience became a major argument in the hegemonic struggle between these competing Catholic powers. Counsel of conscience was not a peripheral feature of early modern political culture but fundamental for the definition of politics and conscience. Tracing the rise and fall of confessors as counsellors reveals the parallel transformation of both, getting closer to a historical understanding of the modernization of politics with the idea of an individual conscience at its heart. Placed at the junction of norms and practices, royal confessors shaped the ways in which the royal conscience was identified and scrutinized. By the same token, their expertise and activities remained a source of anxiety and conflict that triggered wide debate on the relationship between State and Church and religion and politics. The notion of counsel of conscience, of which this book provides the first in-depth analysis, challenges fundamental historical paradigms such as the emergence of absolutism, individualization, and the division of public and private. Putting theological concepts and religious dimensions back into political theory and practice sheds new light not only on the importance of counselling for early modern statecraft but also on the reconfiguration of normative frameworks underlying it.

Abstrak :

Penelitian ini akan menjelaskan dan merkonstruksi bagaimana pemberitaan media massa olahraga Marca dalam menyuarakan kemerdekaan Catalan sesuai dengan sikap politik pemerintah Spanyol. Dengan menggunakan analisis wacana kritis penelitian ini membongkar pesan dibalik teks-teks yang dimunculkan oleh Marca sebagai media massa olahraga dalam pemberitaan mereka terkait isu kemerdekaan wilayah Catalan, serta referendum yang terjadi pada 1 Oktober 2017. Bagaimana pemberitaan yang muncul di media massa olahraga Marca dipengaruhi juga oleh keadaan serta situasi yang terjadi di Spanyol. Dalam penelitian ini konsep spin doctor dan teori normatif media social responsibility digunakan untuk mengamati faktor-faktor yang kemudian membuat Marca sebagai media massa olahraga justru menyuarakan sikap politik pemerintahan Spanyol terkait isu kemerdekaan wilayah Catalan. Temuan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana Marca sebagai media massa olahraga digunakan oleh pemerintah Spanyol untuk menyuarakan perspektif pemerintah terkait isu kemerdekaan wilayah Catalandan Mengapa Marca mengambil posisi sebagai spin doctor pemerintah Spanyol terkait kemerdekaan Catalan, serta faktor-faktor pendorong, dan bagaimana spin doctor tersebut dilakukan.

 

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This research will reconstruct how the news of Marca`s sports media in voicing Catalan independence in accordance with the political attitude of the Spanish government. By using critical discourse analysis, this study uncovers the message behind the texts that Marca raised as sports mass media in their reporting on issues of independence of the Catalan region, as well as the referendum that occurred on October 1, 2017. How the news that appeared in the Marca sports media was influenced too by the circumstances and situation that occurred in Spain. In this study the concept of spin doctor and normative theory of social media is used to observe the factors that later made Marca as a sports media to voice the political attitude of the Spanish government regarding the issue of independence of the Catalan region. The findings in this study are how Marca as a sports mass media was used by the Spanish government to voice government perspectives regarding the issue of independence in the Catalan region.

 

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini mendeskripsikan tentang kekuasaan Abdurrahman bin Muawiyah di Spanyol pada 756_788. Peristiwa pembantaian keluarga Umayyah menjadi babak baru bagi Abdurrahman untuk tetap mempertahankan kekuasaan Umayyah. Spanyol menjadi tempat tujuannya untuk mempertahankan kekuasaan itu. Di Spanyol Abdurrahman menjadi pendiri Emirat Umayyah di Spanyol. Kekuasaan Abdurrahman diliputi oleh konflik-konflik yang terjadi dari dalam negeri maupun serangan dari luar negeri. Kebudayaan Arab juga mulai diperkenalkan dalam kurun waktu tersebut. Pada penulisan skripsi ini penulis menggunakan teori Miriam Budiardjo dan Ibnu Khaldun. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan sejarah yaitu melalui studi kasus dengan mendeskripsikan peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi dan in enganalisisnya.

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Abstract
This thesis is describing about the authority of Abdurrahman ibn Mu'awiya in Spain at 756-788. The massacre of the Umayyad family became a new chapter for Rahinan to retain the authority of the Umayyads. Spain became the goal to maintain that authority. In Spain Abdurrahman became the founder of the Umayyad Emirate in Spain. Abdurrahman power overwhelmed by the conflicts that occur from within the country as well as attacks from abroad. Arab culture was also introduced in this period. In writing this paper the author uses the theory of Miriam Budiardjo and Ibn Khaldun. The method used is a qualitative method approach to history is through a case study by describing the events that happened and analyze it.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Pasca terjadinya serangan 9/11, angka serangan teror yang berasal dari kelompok teroris transnasional mengalami peningkatan. Menurut data Europol dari tahun 2006- 2012, Inggris, Spanyol dan Perancis mengalami serangan teror yang lebih dominan jika dibandingkan dengan negara Uni Eropa yang lainnya. Namun dari data tersebut, Inggris merupakan negara dengan angka rata-rata serangan teror terendah. Tesis ini membandingkan upaya Inggris, Spanyol dan Perancis dalam menanggulangi ancaman terorisme menggunakan kerangka analisa strategi penggentaran. Data mengenai penanggulangan terorisme di ketiga negara dianalisis secara kualitatif menggunakan tiga elemen strategi penggentaran, yaitu penggentaran dengan hukuman, penggentaran dengan penangkalan, dan penggentaran dengan insentif. Berdasarkan data dari penelitian ini, disimpulkan bahwa keberhasilan Inggris terletak pada kemampuan pemerintahnya dalam mengkombinasikan pendekatan keras (hard approach) dan pendekatan lunak (soft approach) serta meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat yang tidak terdapat pada penanggulangan terorisme Spanyol dan Perancis. Selain itu, keberhasilan Inggris juga didukung oleh mekanisme kontrol imigrasi yang dipegang sepenuhnya oleh Pemerintah Inggris.

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ABSTRACT
After the event of 9/11, the number of attacks from transnasional terrorist group has been significantly increasing. According to The Europol’s data from 2006 to 2012, United Kingdom, Spain and France encountered more dominant terror attacks compared to other countries including those in European Union . However, the data shows that, UK had the lowest number of terror attack from three countries. This thesis compares the efforts of UK, Spain and France in tackling the threat of terrorism using deterrence strategy framework. Data concerning counter terrorism in three countries was analyzed using qualitative method with three elements of deterrence strategy namely deterrence by punishment, deterrence by denial, and deterrence by incentive. Based on the result of the research, UK’s success due to its government’s capability to combining hard and soft approach and as well as to increase society’s active participation in implementing counter terrorism’s policy. Moreover, UK’s success was also supported by immigration control mechanism that was fully handled by British Goverment.

Abstrak :
The aim of this book is to provide a new insight on Neanderthal behaviour using the data recovered in level J of Romaní rockshelter (north-eastern Spain). Due to the sedimentary dynamics that formed the Romaní deposit, the occupation layers are characterized by a high temporal resolution, which makes it easier to interprete the archaeological data in behavioural terms. In addition, the different analytical domains (geoarchaeology, lithic technology, zooarchaeology, taphonomy, anthracology, palaeontology) are addressed from a spatial perspective that is basic to understand human behaviour, but also to evaluate the behavioural inferences in the framework of the archaeological formation processes.​