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"Based on house hold survei in 2001 it showed that the community behavior in maintaining dental health was still low . The dental condition of the people who complained of having dental problem was very bad , which was shown by the fact that from out of 6-7 teeth which were in bad condition, 4-5 teeth had already been pulled out...."

"ABSTRACTThis study was done in order to obtain information about current breastfeeding behavior among resident and migrant lactating mothers in Hanoi Vietnam for the general purpose of breastfeeding promotion in Vietnam. The research hypothesis is that there is a different breastfeeding behavior of resident and migrant lactating mothers. A cross-sectional study was carried out between December 1994 and March 1995. The subjects consisting of 80 lactating mothers with 9 months old baby are divided into 2 groups. Those mothers have been living for at least 15 years in Hanoi (resident mothers) and the other mothers for between 5 months to 3 years (migrant mothers). Information of breastfeeding behavior and the socioeconomic status of mothers were obtained by using open-ended questionnaire. A second questionnaire was applied to 30 health professionals in maternity clinics where the mothers delivered. One hundred percent of mothers breastfed their child, 95% of the resident and 85% of the migrant mothers were still breastfeeding at the time of the study. Almost all of the residents (95%) and 87.5% of the migrants had positive attitude towards colostrum. About 42.5% of the resident mothers and 35% of the migrant ones started breastfeeding within 6 hours after birth. The rooming-in rate was 67.5% of the resident mothers and 52.5% of the migrant ones. The rate of early initiation of breastfeeding was significantly higher in the mothers group who had rooming-in than the others. The exclusive breastfeeding rate within the first 4 months of age was 35% of the residents and 30% of the migrants. All health professionals (100%) had positive attitude towards colostrum and breastfeeding. About 86.7% of doctors and 80% of midwives knew that 'mother' should start breastfeeding within the first 30 minutes after birth. Around 86.7% of doctors and 100% of midwives said that there was no need to give other liquid before starting breastfeeding. But their practices were not according to their knowledge: They gave wrong advises to the resident mothers (8.7%)., about 38.4% of babies from the resident mothers and 60.9% of babies from migrant ones were prelacteal fed by health professionals. Additional information on breastfeeding and child feeding were still expected by mothers especially by the migrant ones (71.4%). The results of the study suggest education on breastfeeding and proper feeding practices, especial early initiation, prolonged exclusive breastfeeding, and rooming-in. "

"This research, in isolation, will not inform effective solutions to health inequalities. Rethinking social epidemiology provides an expanded vision of social epidemiology as a science of change, one that seeks to better address key questions related to both the causes of social inequalities in health (problem-focused research) as well as the implementation of interventions to alleviate conditions of marginalization and poverty (solution-focused research). "

"Konsumsi tembakau tetap menjadi tantangan kesehatan masyarakat yang signifikan secara global, yang berakar kuat pada konteks sosial ekonomi dan budaya. Skripsi ini mengkaji pengaruh status sosial ekonomi, khususnya tingkat pendapatan dan pendidikan, terhadap perilaku merokok di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan data dari Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) gelombang 4 dan 5, penelitian ini menyelidiki bagaimana variasi pendapatan keluarga dan pencapaian pendidikan berkorelasi dengan kemungkinan individu menjadi perokok tetap, memulai merokok, berhenti merokok, atau tidak pernah merokok. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa tingkat pendapatan dan pendidikan yang lebih tinggi berkorelasi dengan prevalensi merokok yang lebih rendah dan tingkat penghentian merokok yang lebih tinggi. Individu dalam kelompok pendapatan tertinggi (di atas Rupiah 10 juta) lebih kecil kemungkinannya untuk menjadi perokok tetap dan lebih mungkin untuk tidak pernah merokok. Demikian pula, pencapaian pendidikan yang lebih tinggi secara signifikan berkorelasi dengan perilaku yang lebih sehat, menekankan peran pendidikan dalam meningkatkan literasi kesehatan dan mendorong pilihan gaya hidup yang lebih baik. Faktor sosial ekonomi berperan penting dalam membentuk perilaku merokok. Studi ini menganjurkan intervensi pemerintah yang terfokus untuk mempromosikan kampanye anti-merokok dan meningkatkan aksesibilitas penghentian merokok guna mengurangi tingkat merokok di Indonesia. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi pada pemahaman yang lebih luas tentang determinan ekonomi dan sosial dari perilaku merokok dan menawarkan wawasan berharga untuk mengembangkan strategi pengendalian tembakau yang efektif di Indonesia dan konteks serupa.

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Tobacco consumption remains a significant public health challenge globally, deeply rooted in socioeconomic and cultural contexts. This thesis examines the influence of socioeconomic status, specifically income and education levels, on smoking behaviours in Indonesia. Using data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) across waves 4 and 5, the study investigates how variations in family income and educational attainment correlate with smoking initiation, persistence, cessation, and abstinence. The findings reveal that higher income and education levels are strongly associated with lower smoking prevalence and higher rates of smoking cessation. Individuals in the highest income bracket (above IDR 10 million) are less likely to be constant smokers and more likely to never smoke. Similarly, higher educational attainment significantly correlates with healthier smoking behaviours, underscoring the role of education in enhancing health literacy and promoting better lifestyle choices. These results emphasise the critical role of socioeconomic factors in shaping smoking behaviours. The study advocates for targeted government interventions that promote anti-smoking campaigns and improve cessation accessibility to reduce smoking rates in Indonesia."

"Angkutan umum di Jakarta telah ada sejak masa kolonial Belanda, namun kebijakan pembangunan yang berpusat pada mobil pada tahun 1950an di bawah Presiden Sukarno menyebabkan peningkatan kepemilikan mobil secara signifikan dan minimnya perkembangan angkutan umum. Peningkatan kepemilikan mobil tersebut mengakibatkan kemacetan lalu lintas yang berkepanjangan. Meskipun pemerintah telah berupaya untuk memitigasi hal ini dengan meluncurkan MRT Jakarta pada tahun 2019, kemacetan lalu lintas masih menjadi masalah utama dikarenakan pertumbuhan kendaraan pribadi yang terus berlanjut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi frekuensi pengunaan MRT Jakarta, dari sudut pandang operator PT MRT Jakarta. Terdapat dua variabel dependen yang akan digunakan: frekuensi penguaan MRT untuk kegiatan utama dan frekuensi penguaan MRT untuk kegiatan rekreasi, terhadap 11 variabel independen: kepemilikan mobil; ketersediaan parkir; jarak berjalan kaki ke stasiun MRT terdekat; penghasilan bulanan; pendidikan; pekerjaan; kelancaran perpindahan antara KRL dan MRT; kelancaran perpindahan KRL dan Transjakarta; koefisien interaksi antara kepemilikan mobil dan ketersediaan tempat parkir; variabel kontrol domisili; dan variabel kontrol untuk gender. Dengan menggunakan model regresi Poisson, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa penghasilan bulanan dan interaksi antara kepemilikan mobil dan ketersediaan tempat parkir berpengaruh signifikan terhadap frekuensi penggunaan MRT Jakarta pada kegiatan utama, sedangkan hanya kepemilikan mobil berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pengunaan MRT untuk kegiatan rekreasi. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan peningkatan fasilitas park-and-ride agar mendorong pemilik mobil untuk menggunakan angkutan umum, sehingga meningkatkan jumlah penumpang MRT Jakarta dan mengurangi kemacetan. Keterbatasan dari penelitian ini adalah pengecualian pemeriksaan tarif tiket, yang disarankan untuk diperiksa di penelitian selanjutnya.

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Public transit in Jakarta has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but car-centric development policies in the 1950s under President Soekarno led to minimal public transit development and a significant increase in car ownership. This surge in car ownership has resulted in persistent traffic congestion. Despite the government’s efforts to mitigate this by launching MRT Jakarta in 2019, traffic congestion remains a major issue due to continuous private vehicle growth. This study investigates the factors influencing MRT Jakarta ridership frequency from the perspective of the operator PT MRT Jakarta. Two dependent variables will be used: frequency of primary activity and leisure, against 11 dependent variables: car ownership; parking availability; walking distance to nearest MRT station; monthly income; education; employment; smoothness of transfer between KRL and MRT; smoothness of transfer between KRL and Transjakarta; an interaction term between car ownership and parking availability; control variable for domicile; and a control variable for gender. Using Poisson regression models, the study finds that income and the interaction between car ownership and parking availability significantly influence ridership for primary activities, while car ownership alone is significant for leisure activities. The study recommends enhancing park-and-ride facilities to encourage car owners to use public transit, thereby increasing ridership and reducing congestion. A noted limitation is the exclusion of fare price examination, which is suggested for future research."