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Abstrak :
This text is a comprehensive introduction to research methods in social and cultural anthropology. The Peltos focus their discussion on the essential elements of preparing and analyzing the supporting evidence from which generalizations about human nature are derived. The specific elements of anthropological research - such as interviewing informants, observing ceremonial behaviour, and designing surveys - are all covered, but the primary aim is to show how basic observations can be systematically translated into socio-cultural generalizations. The authors place strong emphasis not only on quantification and statistics, but also on the more qualitative aspects of anthropological working styles that are essential to effective research. The two main themes of the book can be stated as follows: (1) anthropological generalizations and more complex theoretical structures can be built up only through careful implementation of basic concepts, the building blocks of all theory, and (2) successful description and hypothesis testing depend on the judicious mixing of quantitative and quantitative research materials. The second edition, in which Professor Gretel Pelto has collaborated with her husband, expands the discussion of tools of research and offers a more comprehensive analysis of current ideas concerning the 'theory-building' process. An entirely new chapter has been added on the research methods and relevance of applied anthropology. Throughout the text, many new and updated examples are cited to illustrate statistical and methodological approaches to anthropological research.

Abstrak :
The Scottish archaeologist and anthropologist Daniel Wilson (1816–92) spent the latter part of his life in Canada. Published in 1862, this is a seminal work in the study of early man in which Wilson utilises studies of native tribes 'still seen there in a condition which seems to reproduce some of the most familiar phases ascribed to the infancy of the unhistoric world'. He believed that civilisations initially developed in mild climates and judged the Mayans to have been the most advanced civilisation in the New World. Twentieth-century anthropologist Bruce Trigger argued that Wilson 'interpreted evidence about human behaviour in a way that is far more in accord with modern thinking than are the racist views of Darwin and Lubbock', and it is in this light that this two-volume work can be judged. Volume 2 covers topics ranging from ceramic arts to the influence of interbreeding and migration upon civilisations.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
The low educational level of the government employees at the State Civil Service and Human Resources Development Agency of Biak Numfor Regency in Papua Province affects the quality of public services which was far from the society's expectations. The development of competence that has been given so far had not been able to change the primal aspects of the government employees. Therefore, the development of competence provided must touch the large and varied cultural diversity that leads to the improvement of knowledge, capability, and skills to generate better performance and services. This study aims to analyze the development of the government employees' competence at the State Civil Service and Human Resources Development Agency of Biak Numfor Regency, Papua Province. The method used in this research was descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Primary data was collected through observation, interviews and Focus Group Discussion (FGD): the respondents were the government employees in the State Civil Service and Human Resource Development Agency of Biak Numfor Regency, Papua Province. Secondary data were obtained through documentation studies. The data were analyzed using interactive models. The results showed that the process of developing the socio-cultural competence of the government employees in the State Civil Service and Human Resource Development Agency of Biak Numfor Regency, Papua Province was through: 1) BIMTA (Mental and Spiritual Guidance), 2) JUMAT BELI (Friday clean environment program), 3) Leadership Advice through meetings and assembly, 4) Education and Training, which still need to be improved such as providing special program through education and training, seminars, courses, and upgrading related to socio-cultural competence to encourage them to have national insights with a pluralistic society in terms of religion, ethnicity, culture, and able to adapt and communicate effectively, empathetically, and politely among employees and the society.

Abstrak :
"Is the neglect of economic, social and cultural abuses in international criminal law a problem of positive international law or the result of choices made by lawyers involved in mechanisms such as criminal prosecutions or truth commissions? Evelyne Schmid explores this question via an assessment of the relationship between violations of economic, social and cultural rights and international crimes. Based on a thorough examination of the elements of international crimes, she demonstrates how a situation can simultaneously be described as a violation of economic, social and cultural rights and as an international crime. Against the background of the emerging debates on selectivity in international criminal law and the role of socio-economic and cultural abuses in transitional justice, she argues that international crimes overlapping with violations of economic, social and cultural rights deserve to be taken seriously, for much the same reasons as other international crimes"--

Abstrak :
In the last decade, the issue of climate change phenomenon has been a serious debate for thepeople around the world. The impact of the climate change symptom can be felt or experiencedirectly by a societal group in any environment. The problems being experienced by the peoplerelated with the climate change phenomenon can be revealed by tracing their knowledge (culture) in understanding and predicting the circumstances of the environment; their perception about the environment which has been more unpredictable in the recent time; and the effort that were applied by them to face of the unpredictable circumstances of the environment. That would be represented how culture revealed the climate change was not only about the physical environment, but also the social-cultural phenomenon.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Interaksi antara masyarakat sistem sosial dan lingkungan ekosistem menghasilkan adaptasi yang merupakan cerminan dari respon masyarakat terhadap tekanan eksternal struktural dari luar Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk 1 menganalisis perubahan lingkungan yang dialami masyarakat pesisir khususnya masyarakat petambak garam di Desa Losarang dan Desa Pinggir Papas 2 menganalisis unsur struktur kultur dan proses sosial masyarakat pesisir Desa Losarang dan Desa Pinggir Papas yang mempunyai tipologi wilayah pesisir berbeda dan 3 merumuskan strategi adaptasi petambak garam Desa Losarang dan Desa Pinggir Papas dalam menghadapi perubahan lingkungan terkait peran unsur struktur kultur dan proses sosial Temuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah strategi adaptasi masyarakat pesisir khususnya petambak garam di Desa Losarang dan Desa Pinggir Papas ditunjukkan oleh variasi respon unsur struktur unsur kultur dan unsur proses terhadap tekanan struktural dari luar masyarakat yaitu gotong royong penjagaan tradisi dan peran pemimpin informal ;

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ABSTRACT
Interaction between community social system and environment ecosystem develops adaptation which is reflected by community rsquo s response in facing external pressure alien structure This study aims 1 analyze the environmental changes experienced by coastal communities especially the salt farmers in the Desa Losarang and Desa Pinggir Papas 2 analyze the elements of the structure culture and social processes of coastal communities in the Desa Losarang and Desa Pinggir Papas having different typologies of coastal areas and 3 formulate adaptation strategies salt farmers Desa Losarang and Desa Pinggir Papas in the face of environmental changes related elements response of structure culture and social processes The main finding of this study reveals that coastal community adaptive capacity particularly sea salt farmers in Desa Losarang and Desa Pingir Papas were showed by the range of response variations of structural cultural and processing prowess over external structural pressures is mutual cooperation maintain of tradition and role of informal leaders ;Interaction between community social system and environment ecosystem develops adaptation which is reflected by community rsquo s response in facing external pressure alien structure This study aims 1 analyze the environmental changes experienced by coastal communities especially the salt farmers in the Desa Losarang and Desa Pinggir Papas 2 analyze the elements of the structure culture and social processes of coastal communities in the Desa Losarang and Desa Pinggir Papas having different typologies of coastal areas and 3 formulate adaptation strategies salt farmers Desa Losarang and Desa Pinggir Papas in the face of environmental changes related elements response of structure culture and social processes The main finding of this study reveals that coastal community adaptive capacity particularly sea salt farmers in Desa Losarang and Desa Pingir Papas were showed by the range of response variations of structural cultural and processing prowess over external structural pressures is mutual cooperation maintain of tradition and role of informal leaders ;Interaction between community social system and environment ecosystem develops adaptation which is reflected by community rsquo s response in facing external pressure alien structure This study aims 1 analyze the environmental changes experienced by coastal communities especially the salt farmers in the Desa Losarang and Desa Pinggir Papas 2 analyze the elements of the structure culture and social processes of coastal communities in the Desa Losarang and Desa Pinggir Papas having different typologies of coastal areas and 3 formulate adaptation strategies salt farmers Desa Losarang and Desa Pinggir Papas in the face of environmental changes related elements response of structure culture and social processes The main finding of this study reveals that coastal community adaptive capacity particularly sea salt farmers in Desa Losarang and Desa Pingir Papas were showed by the range of response variations of structural cultural and processing prowess over external structural pressures is mutual cooperation maintain of tradition and role of informal leaders ;Interaction between community social system and environment ecosystem develops adaptation which is reflected by community rsquo s response in facing external pressure alien structure This study aims 1 analyze the environmental changes experienced by coastal communities especially the salt farmers in the Desa Losarang and Desa Pinggir Papas 2 analyze the elements of the structure culture and social processes of coastal communities in the Desa Losarang and Desa Pinggir Papas having different typologies of coastal areas and 3 formulate adaptation strategies salt farmers Desa Losarang and Desa Pinggir Papas in the face of environmental changes related elements response of structure culture and social processes The main finding of this study reveals that coastal community adaptive capacity particularly sea salt farmers in Desa Losarang and Desa Pingir Papas were showed by the range of response variations of structural cultural and processing prowess over external structural pressures is mutual cooperation maintain of tradition and role of informal leaders ;Interaction between community social system and environment ecosystem develops adaptation which is reflected by community rsquo s response in facing external pressure alien structure This study aims 1 analyze the environmental changes experienced by coastal communities especially the salt farmers in the Desa Losarang and Desa Pinggir Papas 2 analyze the elements of the structure culture and social processes of coastal communities in the Desa Losarang and Desa Pinggir Papas having different typologies of coastal areas and 3 formulate adaptation strategies salt farmers Desa Losarang and Desa Pinggir Papas in the face of environmental changes related elements response of structure culture and social processes The main finding of this study reveals that coastal community adaptive capacity particularly sea salt farmers in Desa Losarang and Desa Pingir Papas were showed by the range of response variations of structural cultural and processing prowess over external structural pressures is mutual cooperation maintain of tradition and role of informal leaders , Interaction between community social system and environment ecosystem develops adaptation which is reflected by community rsquo s response in facing external pressure alien structure This study aims 1 analyze the environmental changes experienced by coastal communities especially the salt farmers in the Desa Losarang and Desa Pinggir Papas 2 analyze the elements of the structure culture and social processes of coastal communities in the Desa Losarang and Desa Pinggir Papas having different typologies of coastal areas and 3 formulate adaptation strategies salt farmers Desa Losarang and Desa Pinggir Papas in the face of environmental changes related elements response of structure culture and social processes The main finding of this study reveals that coastal community adaptive capacity particularly sea salt farmers in Desa Losarang and Desa Pingir Papas were showed by the range of response variations of structural cultural and processing prowess over external structural pressures is mutual cooperation maintain of tradition and role of informal leaders ]

Abstrak :
Jayawijaya suffers from hazards stemming from natural and human-made-disaster (anthropogenic). Dani tribe resided in Jayawijaya is known to dwell on profound influence of culture and nature allowing genuine local knowledge in managing disaster risks to breed. This study aims to understand the cultural knowledge systems of Dani tribe relating to disaster and its practices. This study is developed from desk studies and interviews with stakeholders. Dani tribe has known the concept of human-and-human and human-and-nature unison. They define this concept as transcendence relationship. Harmonious relationship between human and nature is believed would influence livelihood and in contrast would engender various forms of disaster. As part of securing their well-being, Dani tribe formulates norms which is manifested in various practices such as: environmental protection which includes rules and sanctions; the establishment of war command post and tribal structure consisted of commander of war and the head of fertility who govern war threads and initiate peace; as well as ritual performances. Living in harmony with nature allows Dani tribe to interpret these signs of nature as an early warning of disaster. Hopefully, the results of this study would be beneficial to local governments, customary institutions, faith-based institutions, and stakeholders in an effort to build community resilience.