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"ABSTRAKTesis ini mengangkat persoalan petani swadaya kelapa sawit dalam menghadapi standar keberlanjutan yang berlaku atas produk kelapa sawit mereka, berupa Tanda Buah Segar TBS . Fokus studi ini adalah menampilkan pengalaman petani di dua desa di Kalimantan Tengah dalam mencari cara dan langkah-langkah yang tepat untuk memenuhi standar RSPO Roundtable Sustainable Palm Oil , terutama ketika menggunakan hukum sebagai salah satu instrumen untuk memenuhi standar pasar. Untuk memeriksa pengalaman-pengalaman tersebut maka studi ini menggunakan metode sosio-legal untuk mengeksplorasi aspek sosial dalam penggunaan hukum, sekaligus memperlihatkan kenyataan sosial dalam dari hukum. Sehingga penelitian lapangan akan memeriksa hukum investasi dan perkebunan dalam konteks dua desa ketika digunakan untuk memenuhi standar pasar terhadap keberlanjutan.

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ABSTRACT This thesis is to disclose the problem of oil palm smallholder farmers in facing the global sustainability standards to crude palm oil. The focus of this study is describing the experiences of farmers in two villages in searching for precise ways and steps to fulfil the Roundtable Sustainable Palm Oil standards, especially in dealing with laws as the instrument to achive the requirements of the standard. To analyse those experiences, this study uses the the socio legal method to explore the social aspects of experiencing with legal instruments and at the same time portraying the reality of laws on the ground. The study will challenge whether plantation laws and investment laws are implemented as such when farmers are facing the requirements to achieve the sustainability standards. "

"There are, at least, three options of marketing institutions available for smallholders rubber plantations, i.e. auction market, partnership, and traditional (intermediary trader) institutions. This study analyzes factors affecting the probability of smallholder rubber plantation option for alternative marketing institutions. The findings show that factors significantly affecting the probability of option for market compared with intermediary trades are availability of price information, simplicity of transaction procedures, and period of transactions at auction market, all with negative response elasticities. The probability of option for partnership institutions compared with traditional traders is significantly affected by simplicity of transaction procedures, periods of transactions, and rubber?s price uncertainty in partnership institutions, all with negative response elasticities."

"The development of the Para rubber sector in Myanmar was slow for a long time from the early 1960s, mainly due to policy failures under the “Burmese Way to Socialism.” However, with the rubber boom around 2005–12, the sector started developing rapidly, as in other Asian tropical countries. The development of the sector is expected to be an important base for economic development in Myanmar through industrialization. This paper, based on information and data collected in Mon State in 2013 and 2014, clarifies the current status (with historical background) of various actors—including rubber estates (both private and government), smallholders, traders/processors, and tire factories—and investigates major problems they face. The rapid expansion of rubber plantation by smallholders in Mon State is particularly noteworthy, based on the study of two villages. It is found that the smallholders’ major source of investment is remittances from migrants working in the rubber sector in Southern Thailand. The migrants’ work experiences in Thailand, which expose them to technology and knowledge about supporting institutions, are expected to offer good potential for the future development of Myanmar’s rubber sector."

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Sustainability Livelihood Approach merupakan sebuah pendekatan yang digunakan untuk mengukur upaya sebuah keluarga untuk melanjutkan sumber mata pencahariannya. Salah satu sumber penghidupan yang saat ini menghadapi masalah adalah menjadi petani pemilik kebun teh. Kebun teh yang dikelola oleh petani secara individu merupakan sebuah fenomena yang dapat ditemukan di beberapa kabupaten di Jawa Barat, salah satunya di Kabupaten Sukabumi.  Sebagai pemilik kebun teh, petani juga memiliki berbagai sumber penghidupan yang lain. Berdasarkan aset kepemilikan, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola pengembangan sumber penghidupan rumah tangga petani pemilik kebun teh.  Pemberian bobot pada setiap aset dari pendekatan SLA dilakukan berdasarkan kondisi geografis lokasi penelitian. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam dengan informan yang telah ditetapkan persyaratannya (purposive sampling). Petani yang bertempat tinggal dekat dengan jalan utama memiliki sumber penghidupan dari kegiatan non-pertanian, yang dapat menopang pengelolaan kebun teh. Sedang petani yang memiliki jarak sosial yang dekat dengan pengambil keputusan, mampu mengembangkan kegiatan pertanian lain selain kebun teh, dan juga kebun tehnya.  Petani dengan kepemilikan aset alam yang rendah menghadapi kesulitan untuk melakukan diversifikasi kegiatan ekonomi di dalam desa. Pilihan untuk mempertahankan kebun tehnya adalah dengan melakukan migrasi, bekerja di luar desa. Berdasarkan fakta tersebut maka kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa jarak yang dekat, baik jarak fisik maupun sosial, memberi kesempatan petani untuk dapat terus mengelola kebun tehnya, serta membentuk strategi penghidupan sehari-hari.

 

 

 

 

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The Sustainability Livelihood Approach is a method in measuring the efforts of a household to continue its livelihood. One livelihood that is currently facing problems is being a farmer who owns a tea garden. Tea gardens managed by farmers households are a phenomenon that distributes in several districts in West Java, one of which is Sukabumi. As a tea garden owners, farmers also have various other livelihood sources. Based on ownership assets this study aims to determine the livelihood strategy pattern of tea garden owners. The weighting of each asset from the SLA approach is based on the geographical conditions of the research location. Data collection was carried out by in-depth interviews with informants whose requirements had been determined (purposive sampling). Farmers who liveclose to the main road, support their tea garden by their livelihoods from non-agricultural activities. Meanwhile, farmers who have a close social distance to decision-makers can develop other agricultural activities apart from their tea gardens and also their tea gardens. Farmers with low ownership of natural assets face difficulties to diversify economic activities within the village. The choice to maintain the tea garden is to migrate, by working outside the village. Based on these facts, the conclusions of this study indicate that close distances, both physical and social distance, provide oppurtunities for farmers to be able to continue managing their tea gardens, as well as form a daily livelihood strategy.

 

 

 

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"Dengan pengelolaan lebih dari 40% lahan kelapa sawit Indonesia, pekebun masih menghadapi hambatan berupa produktivitas lahan dan capaian sertifikasi yang rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan konsep sertifikasi yang mampu meningkatkan produktivitas lahan pekebun, menggunakan metode analisis statistik deskriptif, grounded theory, analisis konten, dan Analytic Hierarchy Process. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa pekebun bersertifikat ISPO dan RSPO memiliki produktivitas lahan 82% lebih tinggi dari rerata pekebun konvensional, sejalan dengan pemenuhan audit sertifikasi dan penerapan praktek GAP secara konsisten. Pemupukan perlu diprioritaskan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas, dengan Penerapan dan Pemantauan GAP (RSPO) dan Pemeliharaan Tanaman (ISPO) sebagai prasyarat sertifikasi yang mendukungnya. Sinergi ISPO dan RSPO berpeluang meningkatkan produktivitas lahan dari pemenuhan sertifikasi, sehingga mengakselerasi capaian sertifikasi pekebun yang akan mengurangi laju deforestasi akibat ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit

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With more than 40% of Indonesia's oil palm land under their management, smallholders still face challenges on the low land productivity and certification achievement. This research aims to develop a certification concept capable to increase the smallholders’ land productivity through descriptive statistics, grounded theory, content analysis, and Analytic Hierarchy Process. This research finds that ISPO and RSPO certified smallholders achieved 82% higher land productivity than the average conventional ones, in line with their compliance with certification and consistent GAP application. Fertilisation needs to be prioritised to increase productivity, with the GAP Application and Monitoring (RSPO) and Plant Maintenance (ISPO) as the supporing certification criteria. Synergy between ISPO and RSPO has a chance to increasing land productivity through certification compliance, hence accelerating smallholder certification achievement which would reduce deforestation rates from oil palm expansion."

"Sertifikasi merupakan wujud kepatuhan pelaku usaha dalam menerapkan Best Management Practice (BMP) dalam usaha perkebunan kelapa sawit. Keikutsertaan dalam sertifikasi dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, diantaranya sosial ekonomi, demografi, lingkungan, politik, dan lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat pengaruh jenis petani (swadaya dan plasma) serta ekspektasi harga yang lebih tinggi dalam penerapan sertifikasi. Faktor lain yang diteliti diantaranya pendapatan, pendidikan, usia, penggunaan pestisida, pengalaman bertani, dan lokasi perkebunan. Melalui analisis regresi OLS, diketahui bahwa jenis petani, ekspektasi harga yang lebih tinggi, pendapatan, penggunaan pestisida, pengalaman bertani, dan lokasi perkebunan menjadi faktor yang mempengaruhi luas lahan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang tersertifikasi.

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Certification is a compliance in implementing Best Management Practice (BMP) in oil palm plantation businesses. Participation in certification is influenced by several factors, including socio-economic, demographic, environmental, political and other factors. This study to see the effect of farmer types (independent and scheme farmers) and higher price expectations in implementing oil palm certification. Other determinants also studied included income, education, age, pesticide use, farming experience, and location. Through OLS regression analysis, it is known that the farmer types, higher price expectations, income, pesticide use, farming experience, and location are factors that influence the area of certified oil palm plantations."

"Tujuan utama pembangunan perkebunan dengan pola Perusahaan Inti Rakyat (PIR) adalah untuk meningkatkan pendapatan petani anggotanya melalui pola intensifikasi yang ditransfer oleh perusahaan inti kepada petani plasma berupa teknologi baru, permodalan serta inovasi dalam manajemen, kelembagaan, pengolahan dan pemasaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan membandingkan pendapatan bersih usaha tani kelapa sawit petani Anggota Perusahaan Inti rakyat (PIR) atau petani plasma dengan petani swadaya yang memiliki karakteristik lahan dan rentang usia tanaman yang sama. Analisis komparasi juga dilakukan pada setiap unsur pendapatan usaha tani seperti produksi, harga, berbagai biaya, dan informasi kualitatif terkait perilaku petani swadaya dan plasma dalam pengelolaan kebunnya.Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pendapatan usaha tani petani plasma lebih besar dari pendapatan usaha tani petani swadaya. Jika dilihat dari unsur-unsurnya, perbedaan juga terlihat pada biaya, produksi, dan harga jual. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa perilaku petani terkait pengelolaan kebun berhubungan dengan produksi, yang pada akhirnya akan mempengaruhi tingkat pendapatan usaha tani yang dihasilkan.

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The main purpose of plantation development through the scheme of Nucleus Estate Smallholders (NES) is to increase farmers' income through intensification process managed by plantation company to farmers in the form of technology transfer and proving access to capital as well as innovation in management, institutional, processing and marketing. This study aims to analyze and compare the net income of Nucleus Estate Smallholders (NES) participant and non participant farmers with the same land characteristic and age range of the plants. Comparative analysis is also implemented on each element of farm income such as production, price, cost, and qualitative information related to the behavior of farmers in operating and managing of their farm.This study found that Nucleus Estate Smallholders (NES) participant farmers have higher income than the non participant farmers. The differences is also found on the cost, production, and sale price. This indicates that the different behavior of farmers in operating and managing their farm is related with the production level, which in turn will affect the level of farm income."