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"ABSTRACTAnalisis hazard gempa untuk wilayah Indonesia sudah disusun dalam peraturan gempa Indonesia (SNI-1726-2012) untuk Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) dan spektrum respons dibatuan dasar, sedangkan aplikasiuntuk disai struktur harus dihitung dipermukaan dengan mempertimbangkan efek tanah lokal. Analisis respon spesifik situs pada empat lokasi yang telah diketahui kondisi tanahnyaberdasarkan hasil uji pengeboran dan standard penetration test (SPT) yaitu di serang, sukabumi, cilacap, dan wonogiri yaitu lokasi stasiun seismografmilik BAdan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika (BMKG). Hasil analisis pada seluruh lokasi tersebut diperoleh spektrum respons dipermukaan pada periode 1,0 detik terjadi amplikasi, sedangkan pada PGA dan spektrum respons 0,2 detik terjadi deamplikasi. Bila deibandingkan dengan ASCE-07-10 untuk jenis tanah sedang (SD) memperlihatkan nilai nilai amplifikasi hasil penelitian yang lebih rendah. Hal ini tentunya akan menjadi bahan kajian dan evaluasi lebih lanjut untuk kebutuhan praktis."

"Perubahan iklim terhadap dinamika atmosfer telah mempengaruhi terjadinya peningkatan fenomena cuaca ekstrem di berbagai wilayah dunia, termasuk Probolinggo. Mengidentifikasi pola spasial dan kecenderungan hujan ekstrem di Probolinggo merupakan tujuan dari penelitian ini. Data curah hujan harian di 55 stasiun penakar curah hujan periode 1990-2015 digunakan untuk mengetahui frekuensi kejadian hujan ekstrem di Probolinggo menggunakan metode fix threshold (MFT) dan metode site specific threshold (MSST). Analisis spasial deskriptif digunakan untuk membandingkan pola spasial dua metode tersebut berdasarkan wilayah ketinggian dan jarak dari garis pantai. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa wilayah pegunungan di selatan Probolinggo yang jauh dari garis pantai memiliki frekuensi hujan ekstrem tertinggi. Pada wilayah pesisir Probolinggo terdapat ambang batas hujan ekstrem berdasarkan MSST yang nilainya kurang dari ambang batas MFT. Secara umum, frekuensi kejadian hujan ekstrem di Probolinggo memiliki kecenderungan meningkat di wilayah pegunungan.

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Climate change on the dynamics of the atmosphere have influenced the increase of extreme weather phenomena in various regions of the world, including Probolinggo. Spatial patterns and trends in extreme rainfall in Probolinggo is the purpose of this study. The frequency of extreme rainfall events in Probolinggo calculated from daily rainfall data in 55 rainfall stations period 1990-2015.

The method used are Fix Threshold Method (FTM) and Site Specific Threshold Method (SSTM). Comparison between the spatial patterns of of the two methods analyzed by altitude and distance from the coastline.

The results showed that the mountains area has the highest frequency of extreme rainfall. In coastal area there are threshold extreme rainfall by SSTM whose value less than threshold FTM. Generally, the highest frequency of extreme rainfall events in Probolinggo increase especially in the mountain area."

"Hujan ekstrim merupakan salah satu fenomena cuaca ekstrim yang kejadiannya sering memicu bencana alam seperti tanah longsor, banjir bandang, dan erosi tanah. Di Wilayah Jabodetabek khususnya Kota Jakarta sering dilanda banjir akibat adanya curah hujan yang berlebih. Melalui perhitungan stastistik dan analisis spasial serta temporal, penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa terjadi kecenderungan kejadian hujan ekstrim di Jabodetabek dari tahun 1980 - 2011. Dengan menggunakan metode site specific threshold dan analisis spasial, ditemukan bahwa kejadian hujan ekstrim cenderung terjadi di wilayah dataran rendah dan dekat jaraknya dari garis pantai. Kejadian hujan ekstrim di Jabodetabek tahun 1980 - 2011 akan lebih sering terjadi dalam siklus 5 tahunan, dan cenderung meningkat kejadiannya meskipun tidak selalu fluktuatif dan tidak terlalu signifikan.

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Extreme rainfall is one of the occurrence of extreme weather phenomena are often triggered by natural disasters such as landslides, floods, and erosion. In Jabodetabek region especially the city of Jakarta is often flooded due to excessive rainfall. Through a statistical calculation and analysis of spatial and temporal, this study reveals that there is a trend of extreme rainfall events in Jabodetabek from 1980 - 2011. By using site specific threshold method and spatial analysis, it was found that the incidence of extreme rainfall tends to occur in low lying areas and near distance from the sea. Extreme rainfall events in Jabodetabek from 1980 - 2011 will be more likely to occur in cycles of 5 years, and is likely to increase occurrence though not always fluctuate and are not too significant."

"[ABSTRAKBerbagai riset telah dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan sistem telekomunikasi seluler saat ini untuk diimplementasikan ke generasi berikutnya yaitu 5G. Salah satu fokus riset mengenai teknologi 5G adalah spektrum frekuensi, di mana banyak riset yang mengemukakan bahwa spektrum yang digunakan saat ini sudah tidak mampu mengakomodasi sistem telekomunikasi seluler kedepannya. Spektrum frekuensi yang menjadi kandidat pengganti spektrum yang telah digunakan saat ini berada di atas daerah 6 GHz beberapa diantaranya adalah 28 GHz, 38 GHz, 73 GHz. Spektrum di atas 6 GHz yang awalnya dianggap kurang cocok dengan sistem telekomunikasi seluler mulai dianggap cocok dengan berkembangnya riset. Meskipun dianggap cocok sebagai kandidat spektrum, site specific planning akan menjadi aspek yang penting jika teknologi 5G mengimplementasikan spektrum kandidat tersebut, karena performa dari sinyal yang dikirimkan akan sangat tergantung kepada tempat diimplementasikannya jaringan. Skripsi ini akan membahas mengenai simulasi performa dari beberapa spektrum frekuensi kandidat penerus telekomunikasi seluler jika diimplementasikan di lingkungan urban dari kota Jakarta dengan mempertimbangkan rugi ? rugi propagasi yang akan muncul pada proses transmisi. Dampak dari pengimplementasian kandidat spektrum terhadap spektrum juga akan disimulasikan dan dipelajari. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa rugi propagasi yang paling signifikan merupakan atenuasi karena bangunan. Atenuasi lain seperti tumbuhan akan memiliki rugi yang cukup besar, sedangkan atenuasi karena hujan dan atmosfer menunjukkan tingkat yang tidak signifikan dibandingkan rugi ? rugi yang lain. ABSTRACTVarious researches on how to improve the current cellular system have been done to be implemented in future cellular technology, often called 5G. One of the aspects of researches focuses on the frequency spectrum that will be used on the next generation of cellular system. The frequency spectrum became a focus due to the prediction that the current frequency spectrum will not suffice to accommodate the amount of traffic that 5G will handle. The frequency spectrum that is predicted to replace the current frequency spectrum in the future is located beyond 6 GHz with 28 GHz, 38 GHz, and 73 GHz as a few examples of those candidates. Initially the beyond 6 GHz spectrum is considered to be incompatible with the cellular system due to propagation characteristics limitations, but recent researches have proven that the beyond 6 GHz has the capability to support next generation cellular system. Although it is considered that the beyond 6 GHz spectrum is able to become the frequency spectrum candidate supporting 5G, site specific planning will become an important focus where the transmission performance will heavily rely on the location where the network is implemented. This bachelor thesis will discuss the simulation of a few frequency spectrum candidates when implemented in the urban environment of Jakarta and considers the propagation losses that will occur during the transmission process. The impact of spectrum candidate implementation to coverage is also simulated and observed. Simulation results show that attenuation due to building penetration is the most significant loss of others. Vegetation attenuation will also have significant impact towards the transmission. Whereas rain and gaseous attenuation will show little significance compared to other propagation losses. , Various researches on how to improve the current cellular system have been done to be implemented in future cellular technology, often called 5G. One of the aspects of researches focuses on the frequency spectrum that will be used on the next generation of cellular system. The frequency spectrum became a focus due to the prediction that the current frequency spectrum will not suffice to accommodate the amount of traffic that 5G will handle. The frequency spectrum that is predicted to replace the current frequency spectrum in the future is located beyond 6 GHz with 28 GHz, 38 GHz, and 73 GHz as a few examples of those candidates. Initially the beyond 6 GHz spectrum is considered to be incompatible with the cellular system due to propagation characteristics limitations, but recent researches have proven that the beyond 6 GHz has the capability to support next generation cellular system. Although it is considered that the beyond 6 GHz spectrum is able to become the frequency spectrum candidate supporting 5G, site specific planning will become an important focus where the transmission performance will heavily rely on the location where the network is implemented. This bachelor thesis will discuss the simulation of a few frequency spectrum candidates when implemented in the urban environment of Jakarta and considers the propagation losses that will occur during the transmission process. The impact of spectrum candidate implementation to coverage is also simulated and observed. Simulation results show that attenuation due to building penetration is the most significant loss of others. Vegetation attenuation will also have significant impact towards the transmission. Whereas rain and gaseous attenuation will show little significance compared to other propagation losses. ]"

"Kabupaten Kebumen merupakan kabupaten yang curah hujan tinggi dan berpotensi seringnya mengalami kejadian hujan ekstrem. Frekuensi kejadian hujan ekstrem dihitung di 31 stasiun penakar curah hujan selama periode 1981-2015. Untuk melihat pola spasial frekuensi hujan ekstrem di Kabupaten Kebumen digunakan metode fix threshold (MFT) dan site specific threshold (MSST). Perbandingan dua metode hujan ekstrem bertujuan untuk memprediksi dan meminimalisir dampak kejadian longsor yang dipicu oleh hujan ekstrem. Pola spasial dianalisis berdasarkan wilayah ketinggian dan jarak dari garis pantai, kemudian divalidasi dengan wilayah kejadian longsor. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa MFT merupakan metode terbaik dalam menggambarkan kejadian hujan ekstrem di Kabupaten Kebumen. Kejadian hujan ekstrem sebesar 50 mm sudah cukup untuk memicu terjadinya longsor di Kabupaten Kebumen.

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Kebumen Regency is attributed with high rainfall rate that cause high potential to extreme rainfall events. The frequency of extreme rainfall events calculated in 31 rain stations during the 1981-2015 period. The Fix Threshold Method (FTM) and Site Specific Threshold Method (SSTM) are used to see the spatial pattern of frequency of extreme rainfall in Kebumen Regency. Comparison between the two methods aims to predict and minimize the impact of the landslide event which triggered by extreme rainfall events. Spatial pattern has been analyzed based on region altitude and distance from the coastline, and validated by landslide occurances. The result showed that FTM is the best method to describe extreme rainfall event in Kebumen Regency. Extreme rainfall event around 50 mm is enough to trigger landslide in Kebumen Regency."