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"Related Factors with Condom Using among Transvestites in DKI Jakarta in year 2000One way to determine the risk level of sexual behavior for Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) or HIV/AIDS is by measuring condom usage. Risky sexual behavior can be defined as sexual intercourse without consistent use of condoms.This research involves a survey to determine the level of condom usage among transvestites in 5 districts in Jakarta. The goal of this research is to explore factors relating to condom usage among transvestites in DKI Jakarta using cross sectional methodology research design. Data collection has been conducted over a 3 week period, and involved a sample of 138 transvestites, all of whom had sexual intercourse over the previous 2 weeks.The Dependent Variable is condom usage, while the Independent Variables are: 1) predisposing factors such as age, education, occupation, earnings, health knowledge (STD, HIV/AIDS and condom), previous sexual behavior, current sexual behavior, medication seeking behavior, reason for becoming a sex workers, excuses for always/not always wearing condoms; 2) access to condoms, source of information on HIV/AIDS and condoms; 3) perceptions regarding level of intimacy between transvestites and other persons.The research uses univariate and bivariate analysis. The result of the research shows that condom usage among transvestite is 15,2 % consistent and 84,8% inconsistent. From bivariate analysis, it has been found that a variable that has a significant relation with condom usage is the place where transvestites usually perform sexual intercourse. Other independent variables do not have a significant relationship with condom usage.Based on the result of this research, it is proposed that counseling programs be instigated to increase negotiation skills, and also to provide information to explain that the only effective method to prevent STDs and HIV/AIDS for transvestites engaged in high risk sexual behavior is condom usage. This is because transvestites have many sexual partners and they often engage in anal intercourse. NGOs involved in AIDS Prevention and condom manufacturers are expected to take active roles in delivering these messages."

"The objective of this paper is to assess the extent of STD knowledgeand treatment seeking behavior and condom use among selected high riskgroups of population, notably, sailors and seaport laborers, trackers, andfemale commercial sex workers (CWS), in three seaport cities in 1996: NorthJakarta. Surabaya. and Manado. The survey used a cross-sectional surveydesign with a structured questionnaire to collect. through interview.self-reported behavioral data related to STD/HIV A two-stage cluster samplingwas used to obtain sample of 200 to 400 respondents for each target group foreach city. Most of respondents aged between 20 and 40 years. had loweducational level. Two-rho-d of male respondents were married and themajority of female CSW respondents were in divorced status. Respondents 'ST Dknowledge was limited to syphilis. gonorrhea, and AIDS The knowledgeseemed to refer more to the "word" rather than to the disease, mixing up theword of syphilis or gonorrhea with other STDs. "Pain and hot when urinating"was perceived as a symptom related to .ST D. The practice of ST D self treatmentwas common. More than hay' Of those with STD related symptom soughtmedical treatment, particularlv from private medical practice. Substantialproportion of those with .ST D related symptom did not seen any medicaltreatment About half of male respondents ever visited female CS Hi The result ofever had STD was eight times higher for those who ever visited female CS Wthan those who never visited female CSW. Among male respondents, use ofcondom at last sexual contact with female CSW was very low, below tenpercent. Among female CSW respondents use of condom at their last sexualContact varied between cities and between localization and non-localizationfrom l5 to 50 percent, but consistent condom use was much lower, from oneto 25 percent."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang modal sosial apa saja yang dimiliki LSM Bandungwangi sekaligus melihat bagaimana peran modal sosial tersebut dalam upaya pencegahaan penularan HIV AIDS yang dilakukan di kalangan PSP. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Bandungwangi sebagai sebuah LSM memiliki modal sosial berupa jaringan sosial yang menciptakan ikatan sosial antara Bandungwangi dengan PSP lembaga donor pemerintah. LSM lain dan antar Staf dalam Bandungwangi sendiri Ikatan sosial ini nyatanya membangun nilai dan norma bersama mengenai kebiasaan sehari hari nilai bekerja sebagai PSP dan kelebihan Bandungwangi dalam menjangkau komunitas PSP. Nilai dan norma bersama ini yang kemudian membangun kepercayaan antar aktor. Bentuk modal sosial seperti ini menandakan bahwa bonding dan bridging Bandungwangi kepada aktor aktor tersebut berhasil dibangun. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa kelemahan modal sosial Bandungwangi terletak pada jaringannya dengan LSM lain yang kurang dimaksimalkan. Masing masing bentuk modal sosial yang dimiliki LSM Bandungwangi juga terbukti berperan dalam membangun komunikasi kordinasi meningkatkan reputasi hingga menciptakan tindakan kolektif upaya pencegahan penularan HIV AIDS pada tataran partisipasi kegiatan. Penelitian ini mengisi kekosongan pembahasan mengenai modal sosial LSM dalam upaya pencegahan penularan HIV AIDS di kalangan PSP yang belum pernah dilakukan sebelumnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan strategi studi kasus pada LSM Bandungwangi. Terdapat 12 informan dalam penelitian ini yang dipilih secara purposive.

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This study discusses about what kind of social capital NGO in preventing the contagious of HIV AIDS by women sex workers. This study also looking for how social capital influence of preventing the contagious of HIV AIDS. The finding shows that Bandungwangi as an NGO has social capital there are social network who created social tie among Bandungwangi sex workers funding organizations government another NGOs and Stafs in Bandungwangi who was sex workers. This social tie builds the collective values and norms about daily habits work rsquo s point of view as sex workers. Collective values and norms build the trust between the actors This kind of social capital mark that Bandungwangi's bonding and bridging to another actors perfectly build.

The finding also shows that the weakness of Bandungwangi's social capital is social network with other NGO. Each of these forms Bandungwangi's social capital also proved instrumental in building communication coordination improved reputation and creating collective action to participation activities of preventing the contagious of HIV AIDS. This study fills a void a discusiion about social capital NGO in preventing the contagious of HIV AIDS by women sex workers that has never been done before. This study using qualitative approach with study case strategy in Bandungwangi NGO in East Jakarta. Consist of twelfth participants they were selected by purposive sampling."