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Abstrak :
Heat traetment fluence to intergrannular corroson succeptibility of stainless stell type 316. Stainless steel was used in nuclear industry as cladding of Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR), which operation temperature above 500oC. According to the theory, resistence of stainless steel type 316 is good enough, but in the high temperature tend to influence by intergranular corrosion.. The sensitization degree of stainless steel type 316 (SS 316) was calculated by potentiostat using potentiodynamic method, and was to observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM)....

Abstrak :
Dissimilar Metal Welding (DMW) merupakan salah satu metode yang menguntungkan untuk mendapatkan kualitas pengelesan baja yang diinginkan sesuai kebutuhannya dan lebih hemat dalam biaya. Penggabungan baja tahan karat 304L dan baja A335 P11 menjadi salah satu opsi yang biasanya digunakan dalam industri migas, pembangkit listrik nuklir dan pabrik petrokimia. Namun sifat mekanis penggabungan pengelasan logam berbeda dipengaruhi oleh konduktivitas termal berbeda saat proses pengelasan dan munculnya presipitat karbida krom (M23C6) pada batas butir baja tahan karat 304L. Hal tersebut dapat menyebabkan sensitisasi sehingga mudah terkena korosi batas butir. Pada penelitian kali ini menggabungkan pipa baja A335 P11 dengan pipa baja tahan karat 304L menggunakan metode GTAW beserta filler elektroda ER309L untuk menganalisa sifat mekanis. Pipa pengelasan dilakukan variasi temperatur solusi anil dengan pendinginan cepat menggunakan media air pada bagian pipa baja tahan karat 304L untuk menghilangkan sensitisasi yang terjadi di batas butir baja tahan karat 304L tersebut. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa penambahan temperatur solusi anil menghasilkan kekerasan dan kekuatan yang berbeda pada setiap sampel. Peningkatan kekuatan tarik dan kekerasan disebabkan pelarutan karbida dan kromium dalam matriks austenit. Penurunan kekuatan tarik dan kekerasan disebabkan oleh perbesaran butir pada sampel. Nilai kekerasan dan kekuatan tarik dipengaruhi oleh struktur mikro dan kandungan delta ferit. Perlakuan panas solution annealing dan penggunaan baja dengan karbon rendah dapat mengurangi pembentukan karbida krom pada baja tahan karat 304L. ......Dissimilar Metal Welding (DMW) is a profitable method for obtaining the desired quality of steel welding according to their needs and more cost-effective. The combination of 304L stainless steel and A335 P11 steel is an option that is usually used in the oil and gas industry, nuclear power plants and petrochemical plants. However, the mechanical properties of welding joints of different metals are affected by different thermal conductivities during the welding process and the appearance of chromium carbide (M23C6) precipitates at the grain boundaries of 304L stainless steel. This can cause sensitization so that it is easily exposed to grain boundary corrosion. In this study, combining A335 P11 steel pipes with 304L stainless steel pipes using the GTAW method along with ER309L filler electrodes to analyze mechanical properties. Pipe welding was carried out with variations in the temperature of the annealed solution by rapid cooling using water media on the 304L stainless steel pipe section to eliminate the sensitization that occurs at the grain boundaries of the 304L stainless steel. The results showed that the addition of annealing solution temperature resulted in different hardness and strength in each sample. The increase in tensile strength and hardness is due to dissolution of carbide and chromium in the austenitic matrix. The decrease in tensile strength and hardness is caused by the enlargement of the grains in the sample. The hardness and tensile strength values are affected by the microstructure and delta ferrite content. Solution annealing heat treatment and use of low carbon steel can reduce the formation of chromium carbide in 304L stainless steel.

Abstrak :
Kosensitisasi merupakan salah satu cara yang dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan performa dari dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Kosensitisasi dilakukan dengan menggunaan dua atau lebih zat warna dengan spektrum serapan cahaya tampak yang saling komplementer seperti antosianin yang berwarna biru keunguan dengan brazilin yang berwarna jingga. Pada penelitian ini, performa DSSC yang mendapat perlakuan kosensitisasi dari campuran ekstrak kasar Caesalpinia sappan L. dan Clitoria ternatea dibandingkan dengan monosensitasi masing-masing ekstraknya. Dibuat beberapa variasi perbandingan volume pada campuran yang akan digunakan. Variasi terhadap kondisi pH zat warna juga dilakukan guna memperlebar respon spektral terhadap cahaya tampak. Dilakukan pula evaluasi terhadap stabilitas dari DSSC yang disintesis. Hasil pengukuran campuran ekstrak dengan spektrofotometer UV-Visiblemenunjukkan absorbansi gabungan dari kedua ekstrak penyusunnya. Efisiensi DSSC yang menggunakan fotoanoda terkosensitisasi antosianin dan brazilin menunjukkan angka yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan fotoanoda termonosensitasi. Efisiensi terbaik diperoleh dengan menggunakan fotoanoda terkosensitisasi alkaline CT:CsL 1:2v/v dengan nilai 0,287584%. Evaluasi terhadap stabilitas fotoanoda dilakukan dengan menyinari DSSC selama 1, 3, dan 5 jam. Stabilitas terbaik ditunjukkan oleh DSSC dengan fotoanoda terkosensitisasi CT:CsL 1:1v/v. ......Co-sensitization is one way that can be used to improve the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). Co-sensitization is done by using two or more dyes with complementary visible light absorption spectrum, e.g., the purplish-blue coloring anthocyanin and the orange coloring brazilin. In this study, performance of the cosensitize treated DSSC from Caesalpinia sappan L. and Clitoria ternatea crude extract mixture was compared with the mono sensitize of each extract. A number of mixture volume ratio variations were made. Variations of the dye pH condition was also used in order to widen the spectral response toward visible light. A stability evaluation of the synthesized DSCC was also carried out. The UV-Visible spectrophotometer measurement of extracted mixture shows combined absorbance of the two constituent extracts. The co-sensitized DSSC efficiency with anthocyanin and brazilin show higher value compared to the mono sensitized photoanode. The highest efficiency was obtained by using alkalineCT:CsL 1:2v/v co-sensitized photoanode  with value of 0.287584%. Evaluation toward the photoanode stability was carried out by irradiating the DSSC for 1, 3, and 5 hours. The optimum stability was exhibited by DSCC with CT:CsL 1:1v/v co-sensitized photoanode.

Abstrak :
Background The prevalence of allergic disease to be increasing across the world. More than 20 of the population worldwide suffer from diseases which mediated by immunoglobulin E, such as asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis or eczema. There is no data about allergen sensitization of allergic disease in Manado. Objective The purpose of this study is to know the allergen sensitization in children with allergic diseases atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma . Children were divided into group less than and more than or equal to 3 years old, which was evidenced by skin prick test or IgE Atopy test in Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Hospital Manado. Methods This study was a descriptive cross sectional study, conducted from June until August 2016. Results A total of 95 children were included in the study, of which 77 children were ge 3 years old and 18 children were 3 years old. Seventy five children underwent skin prick test and 20 children underwent IgEAtopy test. In 3 years old children, there were 14 children diagnosed with atopic dermatitis and 4 children diagnosed with atopic dermatitis and asthma. In ge 3 years old children, the most common diagnosis was allergic rhinitis, as many as 21 children. Allergen sensitization found in 3 years old children with atopic dermatitis and atopic dermatitis asthma was cow rsquo s milk, house dust mites and egg white. Sensitization to house dust mites most commonly found in patients with atopic dermatitis. The most common allergen sensitization in ge 3 years old children was house dust mites, egg white, potatoes, dog fur, cow 39 s milk, wheat flour and soya formula. Conclusion The most common allergen sensitization in 3 years old children with atopic dermatitis is cow 39 s milk, while in children with asthma and atopic dermatitis is house dust mites, whereas in ge 3 years old children with atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, or combination of the disease is house dust mites.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini adalah penelitian berbasis komuniias untuk memperoleh gambaran kadar alergen tungau debu rumah (TDR) dan sensitisasi alergen sebagai faktor risiko asma. Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang dengan responden 3.840 pelajar sekolah menengah pertama dari 19 sekolah yang dipilih secara acak dari 131 sekolah di Jakarta Pusat. Seinua responden mengisi kuesioner International Study on Asthma and Allergy in Children (ISAAC). Dari 3.840 responden, 288 (7,5%) digolongkan dalatn kelompok asma karena mempunyai riwayat mengi selama 12 bulan terakhir. Pada kelompok asma, 207 responden melakukan uji kulit dan 135 diambil sampel debu rumah. Dari 2.601 responden yang tidak memiliki riwayat asma atau atopi lain, dipilih secara acak 274 orang untuk uji kulit dan 165 di antaranya diambil sampel debu rumah. Kadar alergen TDR tidak berbeda bermakna antara kelompok asma maupun non-asma baik untuk Der pi, Der fl, rnaupun Grup I. Risiko asma terutama disebabkan oleh sensitisasi alergen TDR D.pteronyssinuss (rasio odds (OR):12,68, interval kepercayaan (Cl): 7,50-21,44), D.farinae (OR: 10,50, CI: 6,35-17,34), serta kecoak (OR-.5.57, Cf:3,44-9.0l). Perbedaan risiko asma tidak berhubungan dengan tinggi rendahnya kadar alergen TDR tetapi oleh sensitisasinya. Kesimpulannya, sensitisasi alergen TDR dan kecoak perlu diperhatikan dalam upaya menurunkan risiko dan prevalensi asma. (MedJ Indones 2006; 15:55-9).

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This study is a community-based study to get an overview about House Dust Mite (HDM) allergen level, allergen sensitization as risk factors of asthma. This is a cross-sectional study on 3,840 students from 19 junior high schools, aged 13-14 years. AH of the respondents filled out the International Study on Asthma and Allergy in Children (ISAAC) questionnaire. Of 3840 respondents, 288 (7.5%) were assigned to asthma group (experience wheezing during the last 12 months). The skin prick test was performed on 207 respondents and the house dust mite was collected from 135 respondents. Of 2601 respondents in non-asthma group, the skin prick test was randomly performed on 274 respondents and the house dust mite was collected from 165 respondents. There is no significant difference on HDM allergen concentration for Der pi, Derfl or Group I between asthma and control group. The risk of asthma was caused especially by sen D.pteronyssinus (crude odds ration (OR): 12.68, 95% confidence interval (Cl): 7.50-21.44), D.farinae (OR: 10.50, Cl: 6.35-17.34) and cockroach allergen {OR: 5.57, Cl:3.44-9.01). The risk for asthma was not correlated with the level of house dust mile allergens but its sensitization. In conclusion, sensitization to HDM and cockroach allergen should be concerned in order to reduce risk and prevalence of asthma. (MedJ Indones 2006; 15:55-9).

Abstrak :
General aim: this study aims to determine the prevalence of sensitization reaction on exposed and unexposed groups of workers at a latex factory. Specific aim: to determine the latex allergen sensitization reaction and factors such as atopy, age, sex, smoking, length of working, exposure concentration. Sample and method: the sample population consists of workers at a sphygmomanometer and condom factory who were, exposed and un-exposed to latex material at the factory. The number of sample was determined based on the two proportion formula. This study was a cross-sectional study using the Chi square test, Fisher test, Mann Whitney test, and Kruskal Wallis test. The results of the study and conclusion: The prevalence oj latex allergen sensitization reaction in the exposed group was 2.38%, while in the un-exposed group 3.33%. The correlation between exposed and un-exposed group to the latex allergen sensitization reaction (overall) was not significant (p=0.l8I), but if the correlation of each factor was calculated, the most significant correlation was between the negative latex allergen sensitization reaction with a strength of +2 or above (p=O.OJ4). In this study, atopy (p=0.000), exposed concentration (p=0.014), and smoking (p=0.018) are factors that were associated with latex allergen sensitization reaction. Workers at the condom factory were at higher risk than those at the sphygmomanometer factory, with a prevalence oj'7.14% and 2.31% respectively.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Background: pollens from trees or grasses in Indonesia have a perennial distribution due to the tropical climate. However, pollen allergy has not been well studied. This study aimed to evaluate the profile of pollen IgE sensitization in respiratory allergic patients in Jakarta. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study in patients with a history of respiratory allergy in Jakarta, Indonesia between September and December 2016. Adult asthmatic patients aged 19-60 years were invited to undergo serum specific IgE testing at the Allergy and Immunology Clinic, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. Patients were included if they showed at least one positive skin prick test with environmental allergens. Quantitative determination of specific IgE in serum was carried out by multiple allergosorbent (MAST) assays (Polycheck Allergy, Biocheck GmbH, Munster, Germany). Serum specific IgE levels of more than 0.35 kU/L or Class 1 was considered positive. Results: a total of 106 cases were eligible for analysis; 81 (76.4%) were women. Patients mean age was 38.8+12.1 (range 19-59) years old. 59.4% of patients have both asthma and allergic rhinitis. There are 9 (8.5%) patients positive for IgE-pollen sensitization; 8 among them showed sensitization to at least 2 pollens. Sensitivity to goosefoot pollen is the highest (5.7%), followed by rye pollen (4.7%), plantain pollen (4.7%), wall pellitory pollen (4.7%), and Bermuda grass pollen (3.8%). Conclusion: although most pollens tested are not originated from native plants to Indonesia, a small number of patients showed specific IgE-sensitizations. Allergic persons planning to travel to the endemic areas of the relevant pollen should be advised. A panel of pollen allergens from local plants is highly desired.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: Atopi yang ditandai dengan sensitisasi (produksi IgE) terhadap alergen merupakan faktor risiko untuk terjadinya penyakit alergi. Karena komposisi genetik cenderung stabil, peningkatan prevalensi penyakit alergi diduga disebabkan oleh faktor lingkungan yang berubah.

Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor yang memengaruhi sensitisasi terhadap alergen hirup dan munculnya manifestasi penyakit alergi pada populasi dewasa muda di Indonesia.

Metode: Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan pada mahasiswa baru Universitas Indonesia tahun 2019. Mahasiswa diminta mengisi kuesioner berisi data demografi, kuesioner International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), menjalani pemeriksaan fisik dan uji cukil kulit terhadap lima alergen hirup (kecoa, Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, bulu kucing, epitel anjing). Sensitisasi ditandai dengan terdapat setidaknya satu hasil positif pada uji cukil kulit. Jika terdapat hasil positif pada dua atau lebih alergen, subyek disebut mengalami polisensitisasi. Manifestasi alergi yang dinilai berupa asma, rinitis alergi, dan dermatitis atopi.

Hasil: Proporsi sensitisasi adalah 44,8% (128 dari 286 subyek), sedangkan proporsi manifestasi penyakit alergi adalah 57,7% (165 dari 258 subyek). Manifestasi penyakit alergi didapatkan pada 84 (65,6%) subyek dari subkelompok yang tersensitisasi. Sensitisasi ditemukan lebih banyak pada laki-laki (OR 2,25; IK95% 1,38-3,71; p=0,001) dan subyek yang lahir secara caesar (OR 2,46; IK95% 1,22-5,06; p=0,013), sebaliknya lebih sedikit pada subyek yang berasal dari urban (OR 0,54; IK95% 0,32-0,90; p=0,019). Subyek yang tersensitisasi cenderung untuk memiliki manifestasi penyakit alergi (OR 1,79; IK95% 1,10-2,95; p=0,020). Pada subkelompok yang tersensitisasi, manifestasi penyakit alergi ditemukan lebih banyak pada subyek yang tinggal di urban (OR 2,58; IK95% 1,15-6,01; p=0,024), obese (OR 5,25; IK95% 1,35-34,92; p=0,036), dan mengalami polisensitisasi (OR 2,26; IK95% 1,01-5,10; p=0,046).

Simpulan: Sensitisasi terhadap alergen hirup dipengaruhi oleh jenis kelamin lakilaki, status urban, dan riwayat persalinan caesar. Munculnya manifestasi penyakit alergi dipengaruhi oleh adanya sensitisasi. Pada subkelompok yang tersensitisasi, munculnya manifestasi penyakit alergi dipengaruhi oleh status urban, obesitas, dan polisensitisasi.

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ABSTRACT
Background: Atopy marked by allergen sensitization (IgE production) is a risk factor for allergic diseases. Since genetic composition tends to be stable, the increase of allergic diseases prevalence is suspected due to changing environment factors.

Purpose: To identify the factors affecting sensitization to inhalant allergen and allergic diseases manifestation in Indonesian young adults.

Methods: Cross-sectional study done on Universitas Indonesia 2019 new students. Students were asked to fill in a demographic questionnaire, an International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire, undergo physical examination and skin prick tests for five inhalant allergens (cockroach, Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, cat hair, dog epithelium). Sensitization was marked by at least one positive result on the skin prick test. If there were two or more positive allergen results, subject was deemed as being polysensitized. Evaluated allergic manifestations were asthma, allergic rhinitis, dan atopic dermatitis.

Result: Sensitization was found in 44.8% (128 out of 286 subjects), while allergic diseases clinical manifestation was found in 57.7% (165 out of 258 subjects). The manifestation was found in 84 (65.6%) subjects from the sensitized subgroup. Sensitization was found more on male (OR 2.25; 95%CI 1.38-3.71; p=0.001) and subjects born by caesarean section (OR 2.46; 95%CI 1.22-5.06; p=0.013), whereas fewer on subjects from urban (OR 0.54; 95%CI 0.32-0.90; p=0.019). Sensitized subjects tended to demonstrate allergic diseases manifestation (OR 1.79; 95%CI 1.10-2.95; p=0.020). In the sensitized subgroup, allergic diseases manifestation was found more on subjects living in urban (OR 2.58; 95%CI 1.15-6.01; p=0.024), are obese (OR 5.25; 95%CI 1.35-34.92; p=0.036), and are polysensitized (OR 2.26; 95%CI 1.01-5.10; p=0.046).

Conclusion: Sensitization to inhalant allergens was affected by male sex, urbanstatus, and caesarean section birth. Allergic diseases manifestation was affected by presence of sensitization. In the sensitized subgroup, allergic diseases manifestation was affected by urban status, obesity, and polysensitization.

Abstrak :
House dust mites (HDM) are an important inhalant allergen in allergic asthma. However, molecular diagnostic study of specific IgE to HDM allergens has not been done in Indonesia. in addition, the association of quantitative specific IgE measurement with asthma severity has not been investigated. This study aimed to investigate difference of serum quantitative specific IgE levels induced by Dermatophagoides (D).

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Tungau debu rumah TDR merupakan alergen hirup yang penting pada asma alergik. Namun, penelitian diagnostik molekuler menggunakan Imunoglobulin E IgE spesifik akibat sensitisasi alergen TDR dihubungkan dengan derajat keparahan asma alergik belum pernah dilakukan di Indonesia. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan kadar IgE spesifik serum kuantitatif akibat sensitisasi alergen Dermatophagoides D. pteronyssinus, D. farinae dan Blomia B. tropicalis pada asma alergik intermiten dan persisten. Metode: Desain penelitian potong lintang pada pasien asma alergik dewasa yang diundang untuk pemeriksaan IgE spesifik serum dan merupakan bagian dari penelitian payung di Divisi Alergi dan Imunologi Klinik, RS Cipto Mangunkusumo. Derajat keparahan asma ditentukan berdasarkan kriteria Global Initiative on Asthma GINA 2015 dan dikelompokkan menjadi intermiten dan persisten. Pemeriksaan IgE spesifik serum kuantitatif menggunakan metode multiple allergosorbent test Polycheck Allergy, Biocheck GmbH, Munster, Germany . Alergen TDR yang diperiksa adalah D. pteronyssinus, D. farinae, dan B. tropicalis. Perbedaan antara dua kelompok dianalisis dengan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil: Sebanyak 87 subyek dilibatkan dalam penelitian ini; 69 79,3 subyek adalah perempuan. Rerata usia pasien adalah 40,2 tahun. Enam puluh tiga 72,4 pasien menderita asma dan rinitis alergik. Sebanyak 58 66,7 pasien asma persisten. Gambaran sensitisasi alergen TDR adalah 62,1 D. farinae; 51,7 D. pteronyssinus dan 48,3 B.tropicalis. Median kadar IgE spesifik secara bermakna lebih tinggi pada asma persisten dibandingkan asma intermiten untuk alergen D. farinae 1,30 vs. 0,0 kU/L; p=0,024 dan B. tropicalis 0,57 vs. 0,0 kU/L; p=0,015 . Kadar IgE spesifik D. pteronyssinus lebih tinggi pada asma persisten dibandingkan intermiten 0,67 vs. 0,00 kU/L; p=0,066. Kesimpulan:Gambaran sensitisasi alergen secara berurutan didapatkan D. farinae 62,1, D. pteronyssinus 51,7 dan B. tropicalis 48,3 . Kadar IgE spesifik akibat sensitisasi D. farinae dan B. tropicalis lebih tinggi secara bermakna pada pasien asma persisten dibandingkan asma intermiten. Kadar IgE spesifik akibat sensitisasi D. pteronyssinus lebih tinggi pada pasien asma persisten dibandingkan asma intermiten, tetapi secara statistik tidak bermakna.

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Introduction House dust mites HDM are an important inhalant allergen in allergic asthma. However, molecular diagnostic study using specific IgE level induced by HDM allergens associated with asthma severity has not been done in Indonesia. Objective To investigate the difference of serum quantitative specific IgE levels induced by Dermatophagoides D. pteronyssinus, D. farinae and Blomia B. tropicalis sensitization in intermittent and persistent allergic asthma. Method This was a cross sectional study on adult allergic asthma patients who were invited for serum specific IgE testing. This study was a part of a larger research within the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Asthma severity was defined based on Global Initiative on Asthma GINA 2015 criteria and were grouped as intermittent or persistent. Quantitative specific IgE testing was done on blood serum using a multiple allergosorbent test Polycheck Allergy, Biocheck GmbH, Munster, Germany . The HDM allergens tested were D. pteronyssinus, D. farinae, and Blomia tropicalis. Difference between two groups were analyze using Mann Whitney test. Results A total of 87 subjects were enrolled in this study 69 79.3 were women. Mean patients rsquo age was 40, 2 years. Sixty three 72.4 patients had asthma and allergic rhinitis. Fifty eight 66.7 patients were classified as persistent asthma. The prevalence of sensitization was 62.1 D. farinae, 51.7 D. pteronyssinus, and 48.3 Blomia tropicalis. The median of specific IgE levels is significantly higher in persistent asthma compares to intermittent asthma induced by D. farinae median 1.30 vs. 0.0 kU L p 0.024 and B. tropicalis median 0.57 vs. 0.0 kU L p 0.015 sensitization. Level of Specific IgE D. pteronyssinus is also to be higher in persistent asthma than the level measured in intermittent asthma 0.67 vs. 0.00 kU L p 0.066. Conclusion Sensitization of HDM allergens is shown to be highest for D. farinae 62.1 , followed by D. pteronyssinus 51, 7 and Blomia tropicalis 48, 3 . Specific IgE level induced by D. farinae and Blomia tropicalis sensitization are significantly higher in patients with persistent compares to intermittent asthma, whereas specific IgE level induced by D. pteronyssinus sensitization to be higher in persistent asthma although not statistically significant.