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"Penggunaan air tanah oleh sebagian besar masyarakat berpotensi terkontaminasi E.Coli sehingga diperlukan pemantauan mandiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk 1) menganalisis hasil pengujian Escherichia Coli pada air minum dan faktor yang memengaruhinya; 2) menguraikan manfaat, tantangan, dan peluang dalam melakukan self-monitoring; dan 3) mengembangkan prosedur untuk memantau Escherichia Coli. Pemantauan mandiri dilakukan alat monitoring on-site yaitu Aquagenx CBT ET+TC Presence/Absence. Hasil pemantauan menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kontaminasi E.Coli pada sumber memiliki rata-rata bernilai lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan point-of-use. Berdasarkan analisis korelasi Pearson, hubungan perlakuan yang dilakukan pada sumber air terhadap berkurangnya jumlah E.Coli dalam air minum memiliki nilai p sebesar 0,35. Self-monitoring memiliki potensi yang cukup besar untuk diimplementasikan dengan akurasi data diantara 85 – 95%. Walaupun demikian, berdasarkan analisis korelasi Pearson, hubungan pemahaman kualitas air minum dengan kualitas air minum memiliki nilai p sebesar -0,383. Langkah yang dilakukan pada pengujian juga tergolong mudah walaupun terdapat langkah-langkah yang cukup menantang. Self-monitoring dapat dikembangkan lebih jauh lagi dengan mempertimbangkan kebutuhan dan keresahan dari rumah tangga agar mereka dapat lebih efektif dalam melakukan pemantauan. Kontaminasi yang masih bisa ditemukan dalam rumah tangga membuat mereka harus tetap melakukan self-monitoring menggunakan instrumen yang sesuai dengan standar UNICEF.  

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Groundwater has the potential to be contaminated with E.Coli so guidance is needed. This study aims to 1) analyze the results of Escherichia Coli in drinking water and the factors; 2) describe the benefits, challenges and opportunities in conducting self-monitoring; and 3) developing procedures to combat Escherichia Coli. On-site monitoring utilizes Aquagenx CBT ET + TC Presence/Absence as an independent tool. Results indicate E.Coli contamination at the point of use is higher than that at the source. Pearson's correlation analysis shows a p-value of 0.35 between actions at water sources and reduced E. coli in drinking water. Self-monitoring has considerable potential to be implemented because the accuracy ranges from 85 – 95%. In contrast, Pearson's correlation analysis indicates that there is a p-value of -0.383 between the understanding of drinking water quality and the quality of drinking water. Although some test steps pose challenges, most are straightforward. Self-monitoring can be developed further by taking into account the needs and concerns of households so that they can be more effective in carrying out monitoring. Despite contamination risks, households should continue self-monitoring and self-training using UNICEF-standard instruments."

"Rendahnya cakupan pelayanan PDAM Kota Bekasi memicu warganya untuk menggunakan sumber air berbasis mandiri. Pemantuan layanan air penting dilakukan untuk menciptakan air minum yang aman sesuai definisi oleh WHO, yaitu: 1) dapat di akses; 2) tersedia saat dibutuhkan; dan 3) bebas dari kontaminasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kontaminasi E. coli pada air tanah dan POU serta keterkaitannya dengan kejadian diare, melihat hubungan antara ketinggian muka air tanah dengan curah hujan, serta menilai kontinuitas air tanah di Kelurahan Jatiluhur, Jatirangga, dan Sumur self-monitoring menggunakan AquagenX, kuisioner, alat pengukur curah hujan dan ketinggian muka air tanah. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, sampel air yang belum diolah memiliki risiko terkontaminasi dua kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan air yang sudah diolah (POU). Kesesuaian data antara hasil self-monitoring dengan yang dilakukan tim peneliti terbilang tinggi, yaitu 85-90%. Hasil uji statistik tidak menunjukkan adanya korelasi antara kontaminasi E. coli pada air minum dan kejadian diare, serta antara curah hujan dengan ketinggian muka air tanah. Koefisien determinasi sebesar 0,75 untuk analisis regresi linier menandakan curah hujan dan tinggi muka air tanah memiliki keterkaitan yang baik. Kontinuitas sumber air self-supply di Kota Bekasi dinilai tinggi, dan dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai sumber air utama.

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The low service of PDAM Kota Bekasi has caused its citizens to use self-supply water sources. The importance of monitoring to reach safely managed drinking water according to WHO, including: 1) accessible; 2) available; and 3) free from contamination. This study aims to determine E. coli contamination in groundwater and its relationship to diarrhea, to corelate groundwater level and rainfall, and to assess the continuity of groundwater in Jatiluhur, Jatirangga, and Sumur Batu Villages, Bekasi City. Data was obtained by self-monitoring using AquagenX, questionnaires, rainfall gauges and groundwater levels. Based on the results, untreated groundwater have a risk of contamination twice as high as treated groundwater. The accuracy of the data between the results of the self-monitoring water quality test and the research team is fairly high, at 85-90%. The results of statistical tests did not show a correlation between E. coli contamination in drinking water and the incidence of diarrhea, as well as rainfall and ground water level. The coefficient of determination is 0,75 indicates that rainfall and groundwater level have a good linear regression model. The continuity of self-supply water sources in Bekasi City is highly valued, and can be considered as the main water source."

"Terbatasnya pelayanan PDAM Kota Bekasi, membuat mayoritas rumah tangga Kelurahan Jatirangga, Jatiluhur dan Sumur Batu Kota Bekasi memanfaatkan sumber air tanah menggunakan sumur bor dan sumur gali (self-supply) untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sehari hari. Penelitian ini meninjau hubungan mengenai dampak pemilihan jenis sumber air self-supply terhadap 1) aspek kesehatan: kejadian diare pada balita, 2) aspek sosial: ketimpangan gender dalam pengelolaan sumber air serta 3) ekonomi: life cycle cost (LCC) pengelolaan sumber air rumah tangga. Selanjutnya, sumber air tersebut akan ditinjau keberlanjutannya menggunakan sistem penilaian yang dikembangkan oleh penulis. Penelitian ini menggunakan data hasil kuesioner dan sampling air tanah terhadap 244 rumah tangga di Kelurahan Jatiluhur, Jatirangga, dan Sumur Batu Kota Bekasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara pemilihan jenis sumber air self supply terhadap kejadian diare pada balita. Sementara, terdapat hubungan yang sangat lemah antara pemilihan jenis sumber air self-supply dengan gender peran pembersihan sumur, namun tidak ada hubungan dengan peran pengatur konsumsi air, pembiayaan air, serta perawatan sumur. Selain itu, terdapat hubungan yang sangat lemah antara pemilihan jenis sumber air self-supply dengan life cycle cost yang harus dikeluarkan dalam pengelolaan sumber air. Lalu, berdasarkan hasil analisis keberlanjutan sumber air self-supply, didapatkan skor akhir sebesar 65 untuk sumber air sumur bor serta 62 dari skala 100 untuk sumber air sumur gali. Nilai tersebut tidak menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan antara kedua sumber air self-supply serta termasuk dalam kategori “sedang”.

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Lack of piped-water service from their local water company, forced majority of Jatirangga, Jatiluhur and Sumur Batu urban village’s households in Bekasi City using groundwater from borehole and dugwell (self-supply) as their main water source to

provide day-to-day needs. Therefore, this research aims to identify the correlation of choosing types of self-supply water and its impact on household’s 1) health: diarrhoea on toddlers, 2) social: gender inequality on water management, and 3) economics factor: life cycle cost (LCC) on water management. Then, each types of self-supply water were analyzed for their sustainability using scoring system developed by author. This research use data from questionnaire and water sampling performed at 244 households in Jatirangga, Jatiluhur and Sumur Batu urban village. The results show there is no correlation between types of self-supply water and diarrhoea on toddlers. While there is a slightly correlation between types of water supply to gender that responsible for well cleaning, but no correlation between types of self-supply water to gender who responsible for water consumption management, water payment, and also water source maintenance.

Also, there is a weak correlation between types of self-supply water to life cycle cost on household’s water management. Otherwise based on sustainability scoring performed by author, concluded that borehole is more sustainable than dugwell with sustainability score 65 and 62 each from 100 scale. Thus, each types of self-supply water categorized as “Medium Sustainability”."

"Kota Bekasi hanya melayani masyarakat yang menggunakan PDAM sebesar 26.8%, sehingga sebagian besar masyarakat masih menggunakan sumber air berasal dari air tanah. Air tanah tersebut digunakan sebagai sumber air minum melalui sistem self-supply. Saat ini keandalan self-supply masih menjadi isu di masyarakat walaupun sumber air ini merupakan salah satu sumber yang sangat terjangkau. Pemantauan yang dilakukan secara kontinu selama delapan bulan kepada responden dilakukan guna mengetahui perilaku sumber air minum mereka, termasuk rasa, warna, bau, ketersediaan, dan keamanannya melalui persepsi rumah tangga. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penilaian keandalan sumber air minum self-supply, mengetahui perbandingan penilaian keandalan antara self-supply dan non self-supply, serta mengetahui faktor yang mempengaruhi dari keandalan self-supply. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah survei melalui telepon kepada responden dan analisis STATA 16 dengan uji Chi-Square, uji korelasi Phi, dan analisis Regresi Logistik. Berdasarkan pengolahan data yang dilakukan, maka penilaian keandalan sumber air minum menghasilkan nilai untuk skala rumah tangga sebesar rata-rata keandalan sumur bor adalah 92% dan 74% sumur gali. Sedangkan berdasarkan skala kota, diseluruh bulan selama pemantauan menghasilkan nilai keandalan ≥15 poin sehingga baik sumur bor dan sumur gali bernilai andal diseluruh bulan, meskipun sumur gali mendapatkan penilaian lebih rendah. Perbandingan analisis penilaian keandalan antara self-supply dan non self-supply menghasilkan P = 0,028 (P<0,05) berdasarkan uji Chi-Square sehingga terdapat perbedaan signifikan variabel penilaian keandalan antara self-supply dengan non self-supply yang bernilai signifikan. Persentase hasil penilaian sumber air minum self-supply sebesar 83 % andal sedangkan non self-supply sebesar 92%. Variabel yang memiliki hasil signifikan terhadap penilaian keandalan adalah jenis sumur, kejadian hujan 24 jam sebelum wawancara, dan kejadian banjir. Sumur bor memiliki peluang 4,11 kali dibandingkan sumur gali terhadap keandalan sumber air minum. Tidak terjadi hujan 24 jam sebelum wawancara berpeluang 3,11 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan terjadinya hujan 24 jam sebelum wawancara terhadap keandalan sumber air minum. Kejadian tidak banjir 8,85 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan kejadian banjir terhadap keandalan sumber air minum. Sehingga secara keseluruhan menilai bahwa sumber air sumur bor jauh lebih andal, namun jika dibandingkan dengan sumber non self-supply responden masih menilai lebih andal sumber non self-supply, oleh karena itu diperlukan rekomendasi lanjutan.

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Bekasi City only serves people using PDAM by 26.8%. This means that most people living there still take groundwater sources. Groundwater is chosen as a source of drinking water through a self-supply system. Currently, the reliability of self-supply remains an issue in the community despite being an incredibly affordable water source. Continuous monitoring of the respondents for eight months was carried out to determine the behavior of their drinking water sources through household perceptions, including the taste, color, smell, availability, and safety. This study aimed to determine the reliability assessment of self-supply drinking water sources, the comparison of reliability assessments between self-supply and non-self-supply, and the factors that influence the reliability of self-supply. The research methods applied were telephone survey to respondents and STATA 16 program for analyzing with Chi-Square test, Phi correlation test, and Logistic Regression analysis. Based on the data processing, the reliability assessment of drinking water sources resulted in average reliability values of 92% for boreholes and 74% for dug wells on the household scale. Meanwhile, on the city scale, a reliability value of ≥15 points was obtained from the entire monitoring. This indicated that both boreholes and dug wells were reliable throughout the months, although dug wells received lower assessment. Comparison of the reliability assessment analysis between self-supply and non-self-supply led to P = 0.028 (P<0.05), with the Chi-Square test. Therefore, there was a major difference in the reliability assessment of self-supply and non self-supply variables. The percentages of the reliability assessment for self-supply and non-self-supply drinking water sources were 83% and 92% respectively. Variables with significant results in the reliability assessment included the type of well, the occurrence of rain 24 hours before the interview, and the incidence of flooding. For the reliability of drinking water sources, boreholes had a chance of 4.11 times higher than dug wells; no rain 24 hours before the interview had a chance of 3.11 times higher than the occurrence of rain 24 hours before the interview; and non-flood events had a chance of 8.85 times higher than flood events. Hence, borehole water sources were much more reliable. However, if compared to non-self-supply sources, respondents still consider non-self-supply sources more reliable. Therefore, further recommendations are needed."