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"There are, at least, three options of marketing institutions available for smallholders rubber plantations, i.e. auction market, partnership, and traditional (intermediary trader) institutions. This study analyzes factors affecting the probability of smallholder rubber plantation option for alternative marketing institutions. The findings show that factors significantly affecting the probability of option for market compared with intermediary trades are availability of price information, simplicity of transaction procedures, and period of transactions at auction market, all with negative response elasticities. The probability of option for partnership institutions compared with traditional traders is significantly affected by simplicity of transaction procedures, periods of transactions, and rubber?s price uncertainty in partnership institutions, all with negative response elasticities."

"ABSTRACTThis paper describes changes in the pattern of land use in two riverine districts of Nakhon Phanom Province between 2006 and 2010. A great deal of land use change occurred in these five years. In Mueang District, about 12.1% of the area (9,477 ha) had a different use in 2010 from that in 2006. In That Phanom District the magnitude of change was even greater, with about 27.3% of the area (9,326 ha) changing use between 2006 and 2010. Much of the land use change in both districts resulted from the conversion of natural forests, orchards, and rice paddies into rubber plantations. At the same time, rapid urbanization led to the conversion of large areas of farmland into housing estates in the peri urban zone around Nakhon Phanom City and, to a lesser extent, around That Phanom district town. Most of these land use changes are reducing overall agro ecological diversity. Several factors have influenced these land use changes, including lack of secure land titles, urban growth, and changes in the costs and benefits of growing different crops. "