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Abstrak :
Penelitian ini membahas tindak tutur asertif dalam anime Kumichou Musume to Sewagakari. Selain itu, penulis juga membahas respons dari mitra tutur setelah mendengarkan tuturan asertif. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan teori J.R Searle (1979) bahwa tindak tutur asertif merupakan tuturan yang mengikat penuturnya atas kebenaran apa yang dikatakan (1979:12). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini kualitatif dengan teknik simak dan catat. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, peneliti menemukan sebanyak 31 tuturan asertif yang terdiri dari 11 fungsi menyatakan, 7 fungsi memberitahu, 5 fungsi menyarankan, 2 fungsi membanggakan, 3 fungsi mengeluh, 1 fungsi melaporkan. Fungsi yang sering ditemukan adalah fungsi menyatakan dibandingkan fungsi lainnya. Kemudian untuk respons mitra tutur ditemukan sebanyak 31 respons yang terdiri dari 20 respons verbal, 5 respons nonverbal, 1 tanpa respons. ......This research examines assertive speech acts in the anime "Kumichou Musume to Sewagakari". Additionally, the author also discusses the responses from the interlocutors after listening to assertive utterances. The analysis is conducted using J.R Searle's theory (1979) that assertive speech acts bind the speaker to the truth of what is being said (1979:12). The method used in this research is observation and note-taking. Based on the conducted analysis, the researcher found a total of 31 utterances consisting of 11 stating functions, 7 informing functions, 5 suggesting functions, 2 boasting functions, 3 complaining functions, and 1 reporting function. The most frequently found function is the stating function compared to other functions. Regarding the responses from the interlocutors, a total of 31 responses were found, consisting of 25 verbal responses, 5 nonverbal responses, and 1 unresponsive.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Pendahuluan: Di Indonesia belum ada penelitian tentang injeksi silikon dan komplikasinya, walaupun kasusnya banyak. Patogenesis granuloma silikon masih belum jelas. Beberapa penelitian mengemukakan peran sel T dan sitokin, namun belum ada yang meneliti tentang toleransi imun. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitik meliputi rancangan potong lintang membandingkan 3 kelompok, yaitu 31 jaringan granuloma dan 31 kulit submental pasien dengan suntikan silikon di dagu (kasus) dan 37 kulit normal (kontrol), terhadap gambaran klinis, histopatologis, dan respons imun melalui ekspresi sitokin TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10, enzim IDO, serta sel Treg (CD4+CD25+); Penelitian eksperimental membiakkan darah penuh kasus dan orang normal, pada RPMI, dan RPMI yang distimulasi PHA, dan silikon. Dilanjutkan dengan mengukur kadar sitokin TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 dan IDO supernatan biakan darah. Penelitian dilakukan di klinik spesialis JMB, FMIPA, FKUI, FKUNAIR, dan lembaga Eijkman, tahun 2012 - 2014. Hasil Penelitian: Sebanyak 31 pasien granuloma akibat suntikan silikon di dagu umumnya datang berobat 12,5 tahun setelah penyuntikan, perubahan bentuk dagu terjadi pada tahun ke-4, perubahan warna pada tahun ke-5. Kadar sitokin proinflamasi di supernatan biakan darah lebih tinggi pada pasien granuloma daripada normal. Terdapat korelasi bermakna antara TNF-a di supernatan biakan darah dengan ekspresi TNF-a di jaringan granuloma. Enzim IDO, Treg, IL-10 di kulit submental berkorelasi bermakna dengan sitokin di granuloma. Sitokin anti inflamasi berperan pada kulit submental. Rasio TNF-a/IL-10 di supernatan biakan darah berkorelasi terbalik dengan ekspresi sel Treg di granuloma, membuktikan fungsi Treg sebagai toleransi imun, bekerja melalui IL-10. Enzim IDO di granuloma berkolerasi bermakna dengan rasio TNF-a/IL-10 di supernatan biakan darah dan Treg kulit submental. Simpulan: Enzim IDO bekerja sama dengan fungsi sel Treg dalam toleransi imun pada granuloma akibat suntikan silikon. TNF-a di supernatan biakan darah dan sitokin anti inflamasi di kulit submental dapat dijadikan prediktor untuk menilai respons imun yang terjadi akibat suntikan silikon.;

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ABSTRACT
Background: There is no study on silicone injections and its complications in Indonesia, yet, although the number of cases increased. The pathogenesis of silicone granulomas is still unclear. A few studies have been made to investigate the role of T cells and cytokines, however, none investigates the role of immune tolerance. Method: An analytical descriptive study encompassing cross sectional research was designed to compare 3 groups of 31 granuloma tissue and 31 submental skin of the patients with silicone injection in the chin (case) and 37 normal skin (control) on the clinical pictures, histopathological features and immune response through the expression of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines, IDO enzyme, and Treg cells (CD4+CD25+). The experimental study cultured whole blood of the case and control patients and measured the level of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines and IDO enzyme. The study was conducted in JMB specialist clinics, FMIPA, FKUI, FKUA, and Eijkman foundation from the year 2012 to 2014. Result: Thirty one patients with granuloma caused by silicone injection in the chin commonly seek medical advice 12.5 years after the injection, the chin shape changed on the fourth year and the skin color changed on the fifth year. Patients with granuloma had higher level of proinflammatory cytokines in their blood cultured supernatant. There was a significant correlation between TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant with the expression of TNF-a in the granuloma tissue. IDO enzyme, Treg cells, IL-10 in the submental skin significantly correlated with the cytokines in the granulomas. Anti inflammatory cytokines played a role on the submental skin. The ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant reversely correlated with the expression of Treg cells in the granuloma, demonstrating the function of Treg cells as an immune tolerance working through IL-10. IDO enzyme in the granulomas significantly correlated with the ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant and Treg in the submental skin. Conclusion: IDO enzyme collaborates with Treg cells in the immune tolerance caused by silicone injection. TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant and anti inflammatory cytokines in the submental skin can be utilized as predictors to assess the resulting immune response due to silicone injection. ;Background: There is no study on silicone injections and its complications in Indonesia, yet, although the number of cases increased. The pathogenesis of silicone granulomas is still unclear. A few studies have been made to investigate the role of T cells and cytokines, however, none investigates the role of immune tolerance. Method: An analytical descriptive study encompassing cross sectional research was designed to compare 3 groups of 31 granuloma tissue and 31 submental skin of the patients with silicone injection in the chin (case) and 37 normal skin (control) on the clinical pictures, histopathological features and immune response through the expression of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines, IDO enzyme, and Treg cells (CD4+CD25+). The experimental study cultured whole blood of the case and control patients and measured the level of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines and IDO enzyme. The study was conducted in JMB specialist clinics, FMIPA, FKUI, FKUA, and Eijkman foundation from the year 2012 to 2014. Result: Thirty one patients with granuloma caused by silicone injection in the chin commonly seek medical advice 12.5 years after the injection, the chin shape changed on the fourth year and the skin color changed on the fifth year. Patients with granuloma had higher level of proinflammatory cytokines in their blood cultured supernatant. There was a significant correlation between TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant with the expression of TNF-a in the granuloma tissue. IDO enzyme, Treg cells, IL-10 in the submental skin significantly correlated with the cytokines in the granulomas. Anti inflammatory cytokines played a role on the submental skin. The ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant reversely correlated with the expression of Treg cells in the granuloma, demonstrating the function of Treg cells as an immune tolerance working through IL-10. IDO enzyme in the granulomas significantly correlated with the ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant and Treg in the submental skin. Conclusion: IDO enzyme collaborates with Treg cells in the immune tolerance caused by silicone injection. TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant and anti inflammatory cytokines in the submental skin can be utilized as predictors to assess the resulting immune response due to silicone injection. , Background: There is no study on silicone injections and its complications in Indonesia, yet, although the number of cases increased. The pathogenesis of silicone granulomas is still unclear. A few studies have been made to investigate the role of T cells and cytokines, however, none investigates the role of immune tolerance. Method: An analytical descriptive study encompassing cross sectional research was designed to compare 3 groups of 31 granuloma tissue and 31 submental skin of the patients with silicone injection in the chin (case) and 37 normal skin (control) on the clinical pictures, histopathological features and immune response through the expression of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines, IDO enzyme, and Treg cells (CD4+CD25+). The experimental study cultured whole blood of the case and control patients and measured the level of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines and IDO enzyme. The study was conducted in JMB specialist clinics, FMIPA, FKUI, FKUA, and Eijkman foundation from the year 2012 to 2014. Result: Thirty one patients with granuloma caused by silicone injection in the chin commonly seek medical advice 12.5 years after the injection, the chin shape changed on the fourth year and the skin color changed on the fifth year. Patients with granuloma had higher level of proinflammatory cytokines in their blood cultured supernatant. There was a significant correlation between TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant with the expression of TNF-a in the granuloma tissue. IDO enzyme, Treg cells, IL-10 in the submental skin significantly correlated with the cytokines in the granulomas. Anti inflammatory cytokines played a role on the submental skin. The ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant reversely correlated with the expression of Treg cells in the granuloma, demonstrating the function of Treg cells as an immune tolerance working through IL-10. IDO enzyme in the granulomas significantly correlated with the ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant and Treg in the submental skin. Conclusion: IDO enzyme collaborates with Treg cells in the immune tolerance caused by silicone injection. TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant and anti inflammatory cytokines in the submental skin can be utilized as predictors to assess the resulting immune response due to silicone injection. ]

Abstrak :
"ABSTRAK
" Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penerapan strategi anti fraud, serta mengetahui tingkat fraud awareness pegawai di PT XYZ yang merupakan salah satu organisasi regulator mandiri di Indonesia. Penelitian ini berfokus pada praktik pelaksanaan, pencegahan, deteksi, dan respons PT XYZ terhadap fraud, serta menganalisispersepsi pegawai tentang alasan terjadinya fraud dan pelaksanaan strategi anti fraud di PT XYZ yang merupakan bagian dari topik fraud awareness. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, PT XYZ menerapkan strategi anti fraud sebagai upaya penegakan good corporate governance melalui pencegahan, deteksi, dan respons terhadap fraud dengan langkah investigasi dan corrective actions. Perbedaan persepsi pegawai mengenai alasan terjadinya fraud di PT XYZ berdasakan kelompok jenis kelamin tidak ditemukan. Akan tetapi, dalam hasil uji beda kelompok usia, terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dan tidak signifikan pada indikator sistem pengendalian yang lemah dan diabaikan, prosedur yang tidak sepenuhnya dijalankan dengan baik, sistem rekrutmen yang belum memadai, pengetahuan pegawai dan manajemen tentang fraud yang belum memadai, dan pengawasan manajemen yang lemah. Perbedaan tersebut disebabkan oleh faktor, seperti perbedaan tingkat jabatan dan divisi, perbedaan gaya kepemimpinan, dan adanya beberapa indikator yang bersifat perseptif. Selanjutnya, dalam persepsi pegawai mengenai upaya pengurangan risiko fraud di PT XYZ, tidak terdapat perbedaan persepsi pegawai, baik dari kelompok jenis kelamin, maupun kelompok usia. Kesamaan ini disebabkan oleh adanya faktor intervensi yang dilakukan di PT XYZ, di antaranya adalah penegakan nilai dan budaya organisasi yang dijalankan melalui proses internalisasi mengenai tujuan, nilai organisasi, budaya organisasi, serta regulasi ndash; bagi pegawai baru ndash; dan terus disosialisasikan secara berkala. "hr>" "b>ABSTRACT
" The purpose of this study is to analyze the implementation of anti fraud strategy, and to find out the level of fraud awareness of the employees in PT XYZ, one of self regulatory organization in Indonesia. Focus of this study are the implementation of fraud prevention, detection, and response in PT XYZ, and analyzing employees perception regarding reasons of fraud and implementation of anti fraud strategy in PT XYZ as parts of fraud awareness topic. Based on the study, PT XYZ has been implementing the anti fraud strategy effectively as an effort to implement good corporate governance through prevention, detection, and responses to fraud, such as investigation and corrective actions. Variances in the perceptions regarding causes of fraud in PT XYZ are not found within gender groups. However, significant and insignificant variances based on age group are still found on several factors of fraud occurrence, such as the weak and neglected internal control system, the partially implemented procedures, inadequate recruitment system, inadequate knowledge of fraud within employees and management, and the management rsquo s weak supervision. The reasons behind those variances are the difference in managerial levels, divisions, and leadership style. The perceptive statements are also found in certain reasons of fraud in PT XYZ that cause variance within employees perception. Variances in the perception regarding efforts to reduce fraud in PT XYZ within both genders and age groups. The similarity in employees rsquo perception is caused by certain intervention factors in PT XYZ, such as internalization of organizational goals, values, culture, and regulations for new employees. Organizational goals, values, culture, and regulations are also socialized periodically to current employees.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Silo merupakan struktur yang cocok sebagai tempat penyimpanan material-material kering bulk material seperti gandum, semen, abu terbang, dll. karena memberikan proteksi terhadap cuaca luar. Sering kali, silo dibangun berkelompok dan dihubungkan dengan tangga/ jembatan. Retak pada dinding menjadi hal yang krusial dan dapat memepengaruhi kualitas material di dalamnya, hingga berdampak pada kerugian finansial. Struktur silo umumnya memiliki redudansi rendah, dengan massa yang besar dan geometri yang tinggi. Hal ini membuat silo sebagai salah satu struktur dengan laju kegagalan yang tinggi dibanding struktur industrial lainnya. Penelitian ini berfokus pada bagaimana jenis sambungan antara struktur tangga pada dinding silo memengaruhi perilaku struktur terhadap gempa. Analisis dilakukan dengan metode respons spektrum, dan pembebanan sesuai Eurocode. Penelitian ini akan mempelajari variasi jenis sambungan, ketinggian silo, serta ketinggian material yang tersimpan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efek jenis sambungan antara tangga dengan dinding silo bersifat lokal, dan sambungan fleksibel memberikan reduksi besar terhadap gaya aksial yang terjadi pada balok tangga serta tegangan pada dinding di sekitar sambungan. Selain itu, silo yang lebih tinggi dan menyimpan lebih banyak material akan mengalami gaya-gaya yang lebih besar, terutama akibat tekanan material yang disimpan terhadap dinding akibat eksitasi dinamik.

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ABSTRACT
Silos are suitable as storage structure for bulk materials such as wheat, cement, fly ash, etc. for its protection from weather effect. Usually, silos are built as a group and connected by stairs bridges. Crack on silos rsquo wall become a crucial problem and may affect storage rsquo s quality, so bad that it becomes a financial problem. Silos commonly have low redundancy, high mass, and high geometry. These factors make silos have high failure rate compared to other industrial structure. This research will be focused on how connection between stairs and silos rsquo wall affect structure response on earthquake. Response spectrum analysis will be used and models are loaded according to Eurocode. Variation of connection type, silos and storage rsquo s height will be conducted. The results of this study show that connection type gives local effect on silos. The usage of flexible connection reduces connecting beam rsquo s axial forces, as well as stresses on wall around the connection. The higher the silos, and the higher the materials stored, the higher displacement, forces and stresses on silos. This effect in mainly caused by additional pressure given by materials stored onto silos wall due to dynamic excitation.

Abstrak :
Kelahiran preterm masih merupakan masalah global. Penyebab kelahiran preterm bersifat multifaktor, di antaranya adalah proses inflamasi dan status nutrisi yang dipengaruhi oleh mikronutrien seperti seng, vitamin A dan D. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh seng, AtRA dan 25(OH)D pada regulasi respons inflamasi pada kelahiran preterm melalui pemeriksaan MyD88, TRIF, NFκB dan IL-1β. Desain kuasi eksperimental dilakukan selama periode Januari-Juni 2017 di RSUPN-CM dan RS Budi Kemuliaan, Jakarta. Subjek dibagi menjadi kelompok aterm (n=25), pretem kontrol (n=27), dan preterm perlakuan (n=26). Kelompok preterm perlakuan diberikan secara oral seng 50 mg/hari, beta-carotene 25.000 IU, dan vitamin D₃ 50.000 IU/minggu. Seluruh subjek dilakukan wawancara, pengukuran konsentrasi seng, AtRA dan 25(OH)D serum dan plasenta, serta kadar MyD88, TRIF, NFκB dan IL-1β plasenta. Pada kelompok aterm konsentrasi AtRA serum dan plasenta lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok lain. Pada kelompok preterm perlakuan, tidak didapatkan adanya perbedaan bermakna konsentrasi seng, AtRA dan 25(OH)D serum sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan. Ekspresi NFκB dan TRIF lebih rendah pada kelompok aterm dan preterm kontrol, dibandingkan kelompok preterm perlakuan. Konsentrasi IL-1β ditemukan paling tinggi pada kelompok aterm. Konsentrasi seng, AtRA dan 25(OH)D plasenta memiliki korelasi positif sedang dengan IL-1β. Simpulan: Konsentrasi seng, AtRA dan 25(OH)D plasenta yang rendah berhubungan dengan lebih tingginya ekspresi MyD88, TRIF, NFκB dan IL-1β pada kelahiran preterm. Pemberian seng, beta-carotene dan vitamin D₃ berhubungan dengan IL-1β yang lebih rendah.

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Preterm birth is still a global burden. Inflammation process and nutritional status are among its multifactorial etiology which is affected by micronutrient such as vitamin A, D and zinc. Quasi-experimental design was conducted to know the role of zinc, beta-carotene and vitamin D₃ towards inflammatory regulator of preterm birth during January-June 2017 in RSUPN-CM and Budi Kemuliaan Hospital, Jakarta. Subjects were classified into term (n=25), control preterm (n=27), and experimental preterm group (n=26). Subjects in experimental preterm group were given orally zinc 50 mg/day, beta-carotene 25,000 IU and vitamin D₃ 50,000 IU/week. Nutrient intake interview, measurement of zinc, AtRA and 25(OH)D level in serum and placenta was performed in all subjects, also placental concentration of MyD88, TRIF, NFκB dan IL-1β. The term group had higher AtRA concentration in serum and placenta. No significant difference of serum zinc, AtRA and 25(OH)D concentration was found in treated group before and after intervention. The term and control preterm groups had lower expression of NFκB and TRIF compared to the experimental group. The concentration of IL-1β was highest among term group. Placental concentration of zinc, AtRA and 25(OH) had moderate positive correlation with IL-1β. Conclusion: Lower placental concentrations of zinc, AtRA and 25(OH)D relate to higher expression of MyD88, TRIF and NFκB. The supplementation of zinc, beta-carotene and vitamin D₃ relate to lower expression of IL-1β.

Abstrak :
Indonesia masih menjadi negara yang belum terbebas dari malaria. Terdapat kesenjangan kasus malaria di Indonesia dengan prevalensi tertinggi di Provinsi Papua, Papua Barat dan Nusa Tenggara Timur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan model manajemen malaria berbasis wilayah yang nantinya dikembangkan menjadi algoritma manajemen malaria berbasis wilayah. Desain penelitian ini adalah desain penelitian analitik yang menggabungkan studi ekologi dan studi potong lintang. Sampel diambil dari empat desa yang berdekatan di Kecamatan Kodi Balaghar Kabupaten Sumba Barat Daya Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur yang memiliki perbedaan prevalensi malaria dan perbedaan ekosistem yaitu Desa Mata Kapore, Desa Waikarara, Desa Kahale dan Desa Karang Indah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat variabilitas dinamika transmisi di antara keempat desa tersebut yaitu jenis parasit, densitas parasit, kepadatan nyamuk, perilaku pemajanan, jarak rumah dari tempat perindukan nyamuk. Terdapat variabilitas respons imun di antara keempat desa yaitu kadar IgG dan alel gen MSP2. Pola persebaran kasus dan alel gen MSP2 di masing-masing desa memiliki karakteristik tertentu. Ada hubungan antara jarak rumah dari tempat perindukan nyamuk (p=0,041) dan alel gen MSP2 (p=0,032) dengan densitas parasit. Model akhir menunjukkan alel gen MSP2 memiliki hubungan dengan densitas parasit. Penelitian ini menyarankan algoritma manajemen malaria berbasis wilayah yang memuat manajemen kasus, manajemen faktor risiko, integrasi dan keterlibatan lintas sektor.

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Indonesia is not malaria-free country. There is a gap of malaria cases in Indonesia with the highest prevalence in the province of Papua, West Papua and East Nusa Tenggara. This study aims to obtain spatial management of malaria model which will be developed into an spatial management of malaria algorithms. This study design is an analytic study designs that combines ecological study and cross-sectional study. Samples taken from four adjacent villages in the district of Kodi Balaghar Southwest Sumba Regency East Nusa Tenggara Province which have differences in prevalence of malaria and ecosystem diversity. They are Mata Kapore Village, Waikarara Village, Kahale Village and Karang Indah Village. The results showed there are variabilities in the transmission dynamics among the four villages. The variabilities are the type of parasite, parasite density, density of mosquitoes, behavioral exposure, the distance of house from breeding places. There are variabilities in immune response among the four villages. They are IgG level and MSP2 gene alleles. Distribution patterns of cases distributif and MSP2 gene alleles in each village have certain characteristics. There is a association between the distance of house from breeding place (p=0,041) and MSP2 gene alleles (p=0,032) with parasite density. The final model shows MSP2 gene alleles have a relationship with parasit density. This study suggested spatial management of malaria algorithm that includes case management, risk factor management, integration and cross-sector involvement.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Karsinoma nasofaring (KNF) adalah karsinoma yang berasal dari epitel permukaan nasofaring dengan angka insidensi yang tinggi di Tiongkok dan Asia Selatan. KNF masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di Indonesia dan prognosisnya dilaporkan buruk terkait dengan penanganan yang sering tidak optimal karena kebanyakan (60-95%) pasien berobat dalam stadium lanjut. Saat ini berkembang penelitian terhadap tumor microenvironment yang dapat dinilai melalui tumor infiltrating lympochyte (TIL) yang berkaitan dengan respons terapi pada beberapa tumor, termasuk KNF. Beberapa penelitian menyebutkan bahwa TIL salah satunya dapat dinilai dengan Foxp3. Foxp3 diketahui sebagai penanda sel T regulator (Treg) yang turut berperan dalam immunoregulator lingkungan sel-sel tumor dan dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu faktor prognosis. Hubungan antara ekspresi Foxp3 dengan respons terapi dapat dipertimbangkan menjadi salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi prognosis KNF. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara ekspresi Foxp3 dengan respons terapi karsinoma nasofaring. Metode: Penelitian analitik dengan desain potong lintang pada sediaan KNF tidak berkeratin di Departemen Patologi Anatomik FKUI/RSCM selama periode Januari 2018 hingga Desember 2020. Pengambilan sampel penelitian dilakukan secara consecutive sampling dari kasus yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi sesuai perhitungan besar sampel untuk masing-masing kelompok. Pemeriksaan imunohistokimia menggunakan antibodi primer monoklonal Foxp3. Data imunoekspresi dianalisis untuk mengetahui hubungannya dengan respons terapi karsinoma nasofaring. Hasil: Dari 60 kasus yang terdiagnosis KNF, sebanyak 40 kasus (66,7%) berjenis kelamin laki-laki dan 20 kasus lainnya (33,3%) berjenis kelamin perempuan dengan rasio 2:1. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna ekspresi Foxp3 intratumoral dengan respons terapi (p=0,01). Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna ekspresi Foxp3 peritumoral dengan respons terapi (p=0,114). Kesimpulan: Ekspresi Foxp3 mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik dengan hasil evaluasi respons pasca kemoradiasi karsinoma nasofaring. ......Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a carcinoma originating from the surface epithelium of the nasopharynx with a high incidence in Tiongkok and South Asia. NPC still become main health issue in Indonesia and the prognosis is reported to be poor due to suboptimal treatment because most of the patients (60-95%) are treated at an advanced stage. Currently, many research are developing on the tumor microenvironment that can be assessed by tumor infiltrating lymphochyte (TIL) which is associated with the treatment response in several tumors, including NPC. Some studies explore that TIL can be assessed with Foxp3. Foxp3 is known as a regulatory T cell (Treg) marker that plays a role in the immunoregulator environment of tumor cells and can be used as a prognostic factor. The relationship between Foxp3 expression and treatment response can be considered as one of the factors that influence the prognosis of NPC. Aims: This study aims to determine the relationship between Foxp3 expression and treatment response of NPC. Methods: An analytical study with a cross-sectional design on non-keratinizing NPC diagnosed at Anatomical Pathology Department of FKUI/RSCM during January 2018 until December 2020. The research sample was taken by consecutive sampling of cases that met the inclusion and did not include the exclusion criteria according to the calculation of the sample size for each group. Immunohistochemical examination using Foxp3 monoclonal antibody. Immunoexpression data were analyzed to determine its relationship with the treatment response of NPC. Results: From 60 selected cases diagnosed with NPC, there were consisted of 40 male patients (66,7%) and 20 female patients (33,3%) with ratio 2:1. There was a significant difference in intratumoral Foxp3 expression with treatment response (p=0.01). There was no significant difference in peritumoral Foxp3 expression with treatment response (p=0.114). Conclusion: Foxp3 expression had a statistically significant relationship with response therapy after chemoradiation.

Abstrak :
Pendahuluan: Gangguan pendengaran sensorineural (GPSN) merupakan penyakit kronis yang insidennya meningkat seiring dengan pertambahan usia. Implantasi koklea menjadi tatalaksana utama dengan kalibrasi menggunakan prosedur baku emas yaitu audiometer nada murni (PTA) yang bersifat subjektif. Akan tetapi, PTA tidak dapat dilakukan pada pasien yang kurang kooperatif dan kebingungan akibat demensia, seperti pada pasien geriatrik sebagai mayoritas pasien GPSN. Pengukuran objektif lainnya dapat dilakukan dengan mendeteksi auditory evoked potential (AEP) yang direkam pada batang otak menggunakan stimulus listrik (E-ABR) dan kortikal melalui perekaman local field potential (LFP). Namun, belum terdapat penelitian yang merekam AEP menggunakan elektrode intrakortikal serta membandingkan dan mengkorelasikan ambangnya dengan respons batang otak. Penelitian ini bertujuan sebagai pemodelan awal kasus tuli didapat dengan implan koklea untuk mengevaluasi ambang respons auditorik pada batang otak, korteks auditorik primer (A1), dan posterior auditory field (PAF) menggunakan hewan coba kucing. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mencari perbedaan bermakna antara ambang respons auditorik kortikal menggunakan metode perbandingan amplitudo pre-stimulus-post-stimulus (Z-score) dan inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC). Metode: Perekaman dilakukan pada 5 ekor kucing dengan implan koklea yang ditulikan terlebih dahulu dengan injeksi neomisin interskalar. Respons auditorik batang otak direkam menggunakan elektrode permukaan, sedangkan respons auditorik kortikal direkam menggunakan elektrode intrakortikal dalam kondisi teranestesi isoflurane. Ambang respons auditorik ditetapkan menggunakan metode Z-score dan ITPC, sedangkan ambang respons auditorik batang otak ditetapkan dengan metode ITPC karena kurangnya data pre-stimulus. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada ambang respons auditorik kortikal menggunakan metode Z-score dan ITPC (p = 0,455). Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara ambang respons auditorik batang otak dan kortikal (p<0,001), dengan median paling kecil pada batang otak dan terbesar pada PAF. Korelasi positif yang bermakna juga ditemukan antar keseluruhan titik perekaman, dengan korelasi terbesar secara kortikokortikal A1 dan PAF (r=0.835, p<0.001). Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengukuran ambang respons auditorik batang otak dan kortikal secara objektif memiliki potensi dalam aplikasi klinis untuk menilai kesuksesan implantasi koklea pasien tuli didapat. Peningkatan ambang respons auditorik sepanjang jaras pendengaran menunjukkan kompleksitas jaras pendengaran. ......Introduction: Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a chronic disease whose incidence increases with age. The primary treatment of SNHL is cochlear implantation with the subjective pure-tone audiometer (PTA) as the gold standard calibration procedure. However, PTA cannot be performed on patients who are less cooperative and confused due to dementia, such as geriatric patients, who make up the majority of SNHL patients. Another objective test is to detect auditory evoked potentials (AEP) recorded in the brainstem (E-ABR) and auditory cortex via the brain local field potential (LFP) using electric stimulus. However, no studies have used intracortical electrodes to record AEP as well as compare and correlate its threshold with auditory brainstem response. This study aims as an early model of acquired deafness with cochlear implant to evaluate auditory responses in the brainstem, primary auditory cortex (A1), and posterior auditory field (PAF) using cats as an animal model. In addition, this study also aims to compare the cortical auditory response threshold determined using the pre-stimulus-post-stimulus amplitude comparison (Z-score) and inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC) methods. Method: Recording was performed on 5 cochlear implanted cats, previously deafened using interscalar neomycin injection. Brainstem auditory responses were recorded using surface electrodes, while cortical auditory responses were recorded using intracortical electrodes under isoflurane anaesthetic. The auditory response threshold was determined using the Z-score and ITPC methods, while the brainstem auditory response threshold was determined using the ITPC method due to the lack of pre-stimulus data. Result: There was no significant difference in the cortical auditory response threshold using the Z-score and ITPC methods (p = 0.455). There was a significant difference between the brainstem and cortical auditory response thresholds (p<0.001), with the smallest median in the brainstem and the largest in PAF. A significant positive correlation was also found at all recording points, with the largest positive correlation found between A1 and PAF (r=0.835, p<0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that objective measurements of brainstem and cortical auditory response thresholds have the potential to be used to evaluate the success of cochlear implantation in patients with acquired hearing loss. An increase in the auditory response threshold along the auditory pathway indicates complexity in the auditory pathway.