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Abstrak :
Infeksi nosokomial merupakan salah satu masalah utama di rumah sakit yang berkaitan dengan morbiditas, mortalitas dan peningkatan biaya kesehatan. Survilens sebaiknya dilakukan berkala untuk mendapatkan data tentang insiden infeksi nosokomial, jenis infeksi, patogen dan pola resistensi. Kami melaporkan hasil surveilens nosokomial di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional (RSUPN) Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta, antara tahun 1999 hingga 2002. Data didapatkan dari surveilens yang dilakukan oleh Panitia Pengendalian Infeksi Rumah Sakit. Surveilens dilakukan terhadap pasien dengan risiko infeksi nosokomial seperti menjalani prosedur bedah, kateter urin, kateter vena perifer atau sentral, ventilator dan prosedur invasif lainnya. Kriteria infeksi nosokomial yang digunakan berdasarkan Pedoman dan Petunjuk Teknis Panitia Pengendalian Infeksi Nosokomial RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo tahun 1999 yang mengacu pada definisi CDC mengenai infeksi nosokomial. Insiden infeksi nosokomial pada tahun 1999, 2000, 2001 dan 2002 adalah 1,1;0,9;0,6 dan 0,4 %. Jenis infeksi nosokomial mencakup infeksi kateter, luka operasi, saluran kemih dan saluran pernapasan berkisar antara 0 hingga 5,6 %. Bakteri Gram negatif terdiri dari Pseudomonas sp, Enterobakter aerogenes, Eskherishia koli, Proteus mirabilis merupakan patogen tersering. Bakteri Gram positif terdiri dari Staphylococcus epidermidis, Stafilokokus aureus dan Streptokokus anhemolitikus. Didapatkan pada surveilens ini kecenderungan insiden infeksi nosokomial bakteri Gram positif. Sebagian besar bakteri Gram negatif telah resisten terhadap penisilin, amoksisilin-asam klavulanat dan sefalosporin generasi ke-3, tetapi masih sensitif terhadap sefalosporin generasi ke-4 dan aminoglikosida. Bakteri Gram positif masih sensitif terhadap penisilin, amoksisilin-asam klavulanat, sefalosporin generasi ke-4 dan aminoglikosida. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 107-12)

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Nosocomial infection are one of the main problem in hospital which are associated with significant morbidity, mortality and increased economic cost. Surveillance should be attempted regularly to obtain local data of incidence of nosocomial infections, types of infection, pathogen and resistance pattern. We reported the results of nosocomial surveillance in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, in year 1999 to 2002. The data were obtained from surveillance, conducted by Nosocomial Infection Control Committee. Surveillance were performed to patient in risk of nosocomial infections such as underwent surgical procedure, urinary catheter, peripheral or central venous catheter, ventilator and other invasive procedure. Criteria for nosocomial infection which were used, based on technical guidelines of nosocomial infection in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, year 1999; which referred to CDC definition of nosocomial infections. Incidence rate of nosocomial infections in year 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002 were 1.1, 0.9, 0.6 and 0.4 % respectively. Type of nosocomial infection include catheter related, surgical wound, urinary tract and respiratory tract infections, ranged between 0 to 5.6 %. Gram negative bacteria consist of Pseudomonas sp, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis were the most common nosocomial pathogen. Gram positive bacteria consist of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus anhemolyticus. Trend of increasing incidence of Gram positive nosocomial infection also showed in our surveillance. Mostly Gram negative bacteria had been resistant to penicillin, co amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and 3rd generation cephalosporin, but still sensitive to 4th generation cephalosporin and aminoglycoside. The Gram positive bacteria were still sensitive to penicillin, co amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 4th generation cephalosporin and aminoglycoside. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 107-12)

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Indonesia menempati peringkat ke-3 beban TB di dunia dengan gap antara notifikasi dan insiden TB yang tinggi. Investigasi kontak TB merupakan salah satu strategi penemuan kasus aktif. Kontak serumah pasien TB merupakan populasi berisiko tinggi karena tingkat paparan yang lebih tinggi dibanding populasi umum. Di Indonesia, pencatatan serta investigasi kontak serumah pasien TB masih sangat jarang dilakukan. Tujuan: Mengetahui angka kejadian TB pada kontak serumah dewasa pasien TB dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi cross sectional terhadap kontak serumah dewasa dari pasien TB (kasus indeks) yang terdaftar di Puskesmas Ciracas, Jakarta Timur pada bulan Agustus–September 2019. Pemeriksaan foto toraks kemudian dilakukan pada kontak yang diduga mengalami TB. Etik penelitian diperoleh dari Komite Etik FKUI dan izin penelitian didapat Dinas Kesehatan DKI Jakarta. Hasil: Tujuh puluh dua kontak serumah dewasa dari 32 kasus indeks dengan median usia 36,67 tahun, 55,6% perempuan, mayoritas (41,7%) IMT normal dan tidak memiliki parut BCG 51,4%. Sebanyak 4 (5,56%) subjek terdiagnosis TB klinis. Dari kasus indeks didapatkan 75% kasus TB SO dan 25% kasus TB RO. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara usia, jenis kelamin, IMT, dan parut BCG kontak dengan kejadian TB. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara tipe resistansi kasus indeks dengan kejadian TB......Background: Indonesia is listed as the world’s third-largest TB burdened country with a large gap between notification and incident cases. Investigation of TB contacts is one of the strategies in finding active diseases. Individuals having contact with TB patients within household are at higher risk of exposure compared to general population. In Indonesia, household contacts with TB patients record and investigation are still rarely done. Objective: To identify number of active TB cases among adult household contacts with TB patients and factors asssociated. Methods: This research used cross sectional study toward adult household contacts with TB patients (index cases) that registered at Puskesmas Ciracas, Jakarta Timur in August—September 2019. Thoracic imaging examination was done in subjects with suspected TB. Research ethics was obtained from FKUI Research Ethical Committee and research permission from Dinas Kesehatan DKI Jakarta. Results: Seventy-two adult household contacts from 32 index cases (75% were drug- sensitive (DS) TB and 25% were drug-resistant (DR) TB). The median of contacts age was 36.67 years old, 55.6% were women, 41.7% have normal BMI, and 51.4% do not have BCG scar. We identified 4 (5.56%) subjects with active clinical TB. There were no association between age, gender, BMI, and BCG scar with TB diseases. There was no association between resistance type of index cases with TB diseases.