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"Pada tahun 2015, pemerintah Indonesia meluncurkan program Dana Desa dan memberikan skema ‘1-Desa-1-Miliar’ untuk setiap desa di Indonesia. Sebagai salah satu transfer antar pemerintah terbesar di dunia, Dana Desa bertujuan untuk mempercepat pembangunan pedesaan, mengurangi kemiskinan, dan mengatasi ketimpangan regional. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi dampak Dana Desa terhadap kesejahteraan pedesaan dan ketimpangan wilayah di Indonesia. Studi ini menggunakan data cahaya malam sebagai proksi kesejahteraan pedesaan dan selanjutnya digunakan untuk mengukur ketimpangan regional. Dengan menggunakan Difference in Difference (DiD) kami menemukan dampak positif dana desa terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di desa dalam jangka pendek. Dengan menggunakan Regression Discontinuity Design in Time (RDiT), kami menemukan dampak positif transfer Dana Desa terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di  desa dalam jangka menengah. Pengaruh dana desa yang paling besar terungkap di desa tertinggal, di mana desa tertinggal tumbuh lebih cepat daripada desa maju. Hal ini menunjukkan indikasi awal konvergensi di level desa yang memerlukan penelitian lebih lanjut.

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In 2015, the government of Indonesia launched the Village Fund (VF) program and provided the ‘1-Village-1-Billion’ scheme for each village in Indonesia. As one of the largest intergovernmental transfers in the world, the VF aims to accelerate rural development, reduce poverty, and overcome regional inequality. This study aims to identify the impact of the VF on rural welfare in Indonesia. Due to the lack of rural welfare data, we use the monthly night-time light dataset as a proxy for rural welfare in around 75.000 villages from 2014 to 2019. By using Difference in Difference (DiD), we found the short-run positive impact of village funds on rural economic growth. Using Regression Discontinuity Design in Time (RDiT), we found a positive impact of village fund transfer on rural economic growth in the medium run. The most considerable influence of village funds reveals in underdeveloped villages,  where poor villages grow faster than developed villages. This unexpected finding could be an initial convergence at the village level that requires further investigation."

"Indonesia mengalami peningkatan pembangunan jalan tol yang signifikan sejak tahun 2014, terutama di Pulau Sumatera dan Pulau Jawa. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki dampak infrastruktur jalan pada tingkat perdesaan di Indonesia dengan memanfaatkan data Night Time Light (NTL) dari tahun 2012 hingga 2019 sebagai proksi aktivitas  ekonomi di tingkat desa. Kami menggunakan model difference-in-difference (DiD) dan melakukan metode efek antisipasi untuk mengakomodasi efek pra-intervensi. Kami menemukan bahwa: (1) Infrastruktur Jalan Tol secara signifikan mendorong aktivitas  ekonomi pedesaan di Indonesia dimana wilayah di Jawa tumbuh lebih cepat daripada di Sumatera; (2) Dampaknya bersifat heterogen antar wilayah baik dari segi populasi, lokasi, maupun sektor unggulan. Desa yang relatif dekat dengan pusat ekonomi (yaitu ibu kota kabupaten) dan berpenduduk sedikit mengalami pertumbuhan yang signifikan, sedangkan desa yang lebih jauh dan berpenduduk padat tidak. Desa dengan industri unggulan manufaktur lebih diuntungkan daripada daerah yang bergantung pada sektor lain; (3) Terdapat bukti efek antisipasi sebelum dibukanya jalan tol khususnya di Pulau Jawa.

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Indonesia has experienced a significant increase in toll road development since 2014. This paper investigates the impact of toll road infrastructure on rural level in Sumatera and Java Islands by exploiting the Night Time Light (NTL) data from 2012 to 2019 as a proxy for economic activities at the village level. We employ a difference-in­-difference (DiD) model and perform the anticipation effects method to accommodate the pre-treatment effects. Our findings suggest that: (1) Toll Road infrastructure significantly promotes rural economic growth with regions in Java growing faster than in Sumatra; (2) The impacts are heterogenous between regions in terms of population, location, and leading sectors. Villages relatively close to the district’s capital and less-populated experience significant growth, while villages farther and high-populated do not. Villages with manufacture-leading industries benefit more than regions dependent on other sectors; (3) There is evidence of anticipation effects before the opening of toll roads, especially in Java Island."

"The title of the thesis is "Land Use Change Analysis of Rice Field in Kabupaten Karawang in the Years of 1989 and 1997 Using Landsat TM Image". Rapid growth of population and various human activities are main causes of land use change of rice field in Kabupaten Karawang. Geographically, Kabupaten Karawang is located in West Java Province, mostly in flat area; having fertile soil comprises of volcanic alluvium, i.e., sand, ash and clay. The area is popular as one of the national rice producing areas. The observation of this thesis was conducted for analyzing land use changes of the years of 1989 and 1997. Within those time periods with the help of Landsat images the changes of land use on rice fields into developed areas are observe able, reducing the area of the total rice fields. The unit analysis is kecamatan. To estimate the changes, this thesis uses a land use changes models, i.e., L = f(Economy, Population, and Policy), where L indicates land use change from rice field into developed area. L is considered as a dependent variable, representing human dimension. The independent variables are economy, population, and policy. These variables were tested with multiple linier regression analysis. The economic variable comprises of PDRB (Regional Gross Domestics Product) of industry, PDRB of cash crops, and PBB (Property Tax). Population variable consists of total population of the of 0 to 74 years old, total farm labors of 10 to 64 years old, and total non farm labor of 10 to 64 years old. Policy variable involves the region of developed area, the number of SD (elementary school), SMP (junior school), and Puskesmas. The analysis of Landsat 5 TM images shows that the highest changes are in Kecamatan Cilamaya and Telukjambe. The less changes are in Kecamatan Pangkalan and Lemahabang. Statistical analysis was applied to get better understanding of the changes of rice fields into developed areas. An equation was used to observe the growth of changes of rice fields into developed area, and the pattern of land change of rice fields into develop area in the year of 1997 to 1989. From the results of statistical analysis it can be concluded that the pattern of land use change of rice fields into developed area in the year of 1997 to 1989 has a significant correlation with the dependent variables. The equation can be used as a model to analyze the changes of the area of rice fields into developed area."