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"ABSTRAKSifilis disebabkan oleh Treponemapallidum, yang merupakan penyakit kronis dan bersifat sistemik. Selama, dapat menyerang seluruh organ tubuh. Terdapat masa laten tanpa manifestasi lesi di tubuh. Penularan dapat melalui kontak seksual, melalui transfusi darah, dan dari ibu ke anak (sifilis kongenital).Saat ini diagnosis ditegakkan dengan uji serologi untuk mendeteksi antibodi IgM anti Treponemal yang diproduksi dalam dua minggu setelah infeksi diikuti terbentuknya antibodi IgG dua minggu atau empat minggu setelah infeksi. Pemeriksaan uji saring serologi terhadap Treponema pallidum untuk darah donor di Unit Transfusi Darah, menggunakan uji saring serologiyang spesifik terhadap Treponema. Pemeriksaan dengan metoda ELISA dapat mendeteksi antibodi IgG maupun IgM yang spesifik terhadap Treponema. Hasil uji ELISA dapat menyebabkan ditolaknya darah donor yang mengandung antibodi. Padahal sebenarnya sudah tidak infeksius lagi, karena sudah tidak mengandung bakteri penyebab. Pada kasus sifilis primerhasil serologi negatif palsumungkin terjadi karena adanya masa jendela. Di sisi lain hasil serologi positif palsudapat terjadi karena antibodi yang terbentuk dari infeksi masa lalu. Pemeriksaan PCR mempunyai nilai potensi yang besar untuk diagnosis sifilis primer. Keuntungan dari PCR real-time adalah kemampuannya mendeteksi patogen secara langsung. PCR real-time mendeteksigen polATreponema pallidum, yang merupakan gen spesifikTreponemapallidum, dantidakadareaksisilangdengannon Treponema.Metodologi.Pada penelitian ini dilakukan deteksi DNA Treponema pallidum pada 350 sampel darah donor dengan hasil uji serologi antibodi terhadap Treponema pallidum reaktif dan non reaktif, masing masing 175 sampel, menggunakan metoda ELISA.Hasil. Deteksi DNA Treponema pallidum menggunakan metoda PCR real-time didapatkan hasil, yaitu 41/350 sampel atau 11,71% adalah positif mengandung DNA Treponema pallidum dan 309/350 sampel atau 88,29% tidak mengandung DNA Treponema pallidum. Pada sampel darah yang mengandung antibodi terhadap Treponema pallidum yang non reaktif, ada yang terdeteksi positif mengandung DNA Treponema pallidum sebesar 21 sampel Hal ini berarti masih ada resiko penularan penyakit sifilis kepada resipien sebesar 5,71% (21/175)Simpulan. Deteksi DNA Treponema pallidum pada darah donor berdasarkan pemeriksaan PCR real-time adalah sebesar 11,71%, dan masih ada resiko penularan penyakit sifilis kepda resipien sebesar 5,71%

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ABSTRACTSyphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum, which is a chronic and systemic diseases . During the course of the disease, can affect all organs of the body. There is a latency period without manifestations of lesions in the body. Transmission can be through sexual contact, through blood transfusion, and from mother to child ( congenital syphilis ). This time the diagnosis is made by serological test for the detection of anti- treponema IgM antibodies produced in two weeks after infection followed by the formation of IgG antibodies two weeks or four weeks after infection. Examination of serological screening of blood donors to Treponema pallidum in Blood Transfusion Services, using specific serological screening test for Treponema with ELISA method can detect IgG and IgM antibodies specific to Treponema. ELISA test results can lead to rejection of donor blood that contains antibodies. When in fact it is not infectious anymore, because it does not contain bacteria. In case of primary syphilis serology false negative results may occur because of the window period. On the other hand the false positive serological results may occur because the antibodies from past infections. PCR has great potential value for the diagnosis of primary syphilis. The advantage of real -time PCR is the ability to detect pathogens directly. Real-time PCR to detect gene PolATreponema pallidum, which is a specific gene of Treponema pallidum, and no cross-reactions with non Treponema.Methodology. In this research, the examination of 350 samples of blood donors with serologic test results for antibodies to Treponema pallidum reactive and non- reactive using ELISA method, will be investigated using real -time PCR method.Results. Detection of Treponema pallidum DNA using real-time PCR method obtained results, 41/350 or 11.71% of samples were positive for DNATreponema pallidum DNA and 309/350 or 88.29% of samples did not contain Treponema pallidum DNA. In blood samples containing antibodies against Treponema pallidum is non reactive, there were detected positive for Treponema pallidum DNA samples of 21. This means that there is still a risk of transmission of syphilis to the recipient amounting to 5.71%Conclusion . Detection DNA Treponema pallidum in blood donors by real -time PCR assay is 11.71 % and still a risk of transmission os syphilis to the recipient about 5,71%."

"The aim of this handbook is to summarize the recent rapidly developed real-time computing technologies, from theories to applications. This handbook will benefit the readers as a full and quick technical reference with a high-level historic review of technology, detailed technical descriptions and the latest practical applications. In general, the handbook with be divided into three main parts (subjected to be modified): theory, design, and application covering different but not limited to the following topics:- Real-time operating systems- Real-time scheduling- Timing analysis- Programming languages and run-time systems- Middleware systems - Design and analysis tools- Real-time aspects of wireless sensor networks- Energy aware real-time methods"

"This handbook provides a comprehensive and systematic introduction to the Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) from the aspects of fundamental concepts, major challenges, and effective solutions. The focuses are on: infrastructure and design methodology, communication protocol, embedded systems, real-time CPS, time synchronization in CPS, CPS collaborative computing, reputational computing in CPSs. A comprehensive vision on the applications are also presented in the fields of smart Grid, software infrastructure for smart building monitoring, healthcare monitoring, safety & security in industrial process, structure monitoring, etc.This handbook is intended for a wide range of audience, including academic researchers, graduate students, practitioners in industry, and research engineers. It can be an excellent reference work for the academic researchers, industry practitioners, and research engineers working in the field of CPS to learn the state-of-the-art technologies."

"Kadar kualitas udara yang ada pada suatu daerah menjadikan tolak ukur keamanan dan kebersihan daerah tersebut. Begitu juga dengan area tertutup seperti parkiran bawah tanah (basement). Persentase kadar gas yang terperangkap di parkiran basement jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan tempat tertutup lainnya. Hal ini dikarenakan pada area tersebut terdapat aktivitas keluar masuk kendaraan sehingga potensi terperangkapnya gas karbon monoksida (CO) yang berasal dari kendaraan sangat tinggi. Berdasarkan kondisi tersebut diperlukan untuk dibuat sistem monitoring kadar gas CO di area parkir. Pada penelitian ini, dibuat rancang bangun alat deteksi kadar gas CO berbasis Internet of Things (IoT). Sensor gas yang dipakai adalah MQ-7 yang digabungkan dengan mikrokontroler Arduino Uno. Untuk jalur pengiriman data secara real-time digunakan WiFi modul ESP8266. Data yang telah diambil oleh sensor akan disimpan dalam ThingSpeak cloud melalui ESP8266. Berdasarkan hasil monitoring didapatkan nilaikadar gas CO parkiran basement mall di Jakarta Utara memiliki nilai rata-rata yang tertinggi, yaitu dengan nilai rata-rata 16,22 ppm dan mall di Jakarta Timur memiliki nilai rata-rata terendah di antara wilayah-wilayah lain di Jakarta, yaitu 15,03 ppm.

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Air quality levels that exist in an area make a measure of the safety and cleanliness of the area, likewise with closed areas such as basement parking. The percentage of gas trapped in the basement parking lot is much higher than in other enclosed places. It is because, in that area, there is an activity in and out of the vehicle so that the potential for trapping carbon monoxide (CO) gas coming from the vehicle is very high. Under these conditions, it is necessary to set up a CO gas content monitoring system in the parking area. In this research, an Internet of Things (IoT)-based CO gas detection tool was designed. The gas sensor used is the MQ-7, that combined with the Arduino Uno microcontroller. The WiFi module ESP8266 used for the data transmission path in realtime. The researcher used ThingSpeak cloud via ESP8266 to store the data that has been taken by the sensor. Based on the monitoring results, the CO gas basement mall basement level in North Jakarta has the highest average value, with an average value of 16.22 ppm and the mall in East Jakarta has the lowest average cost among other regions in Jakarta, which is 15.03 ppm"

"Latar Belakang: Ada sekitar 50 spesies Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) berpotensi patogen di manusia, yang menyebabkan infeksi tersering di paru. Pemeriksaan mikrobiologi berbasis molekuler diperlukan dalam mendiagnosis infeksi NTM paru. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan uji awal untuk deteksi mycobacteria dari spesimen klinis secara langsung dengan metode molekuler yaitu real-time PCR dan sekuensing DNA untuk identifikasi spesies mycobacteria serta mengaplikasikan pada kit PaxView® TB/NTM MPCR-ULFA. Tujuan: Melakukan optimasi berbasis molekuler untuk deteksi dan identifikasi Mycobacteria secara langsung pada sputum pasien terduga infeksi NTM paru. Metode: Studi dekskriptif dan eksperimental laboratorium dengan melakukan optimasi suhu penempelan, reaksi silang, ambang batas deteksi DNA, dan penerapan real-time PCR berbasis SYBR Green yang telahdioptimasi dan PaxView® TB/NTM MPCR-ULFA pada hasil sputum pasien terduga infeksi NTM paru. Hasil: Dua hasil positif dari 30 sampel sputum pada real-time PCR mycobacterium dan hasil sekuensing adalah Mycobacterium tuberculosis, menunjukkan adanya discordant hasil dengan real-time PCR MTB. Pada kit PaxView® TB/NTM MPCR-ULFA didapatkan 16 hasil positif MTB dan tidak ditemukan NTM. Kesimpulan: Terdapat discordance pada dua sampel hasil penerapan uji awal real-time PCR mycobacterium dengan sekuensing DNA, yang diduga NTM tetapi hasilnya M. tuberculosis. Perlunya dilakukan evaluasi lebih lanjut real-time PCR berbasis SYBR Green.

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Background: There are approximately fifty species of Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are potentially pathogenic in humans, the infection is most common in the lungs. Molecular-based microbiological examination is needed in diagnosing pulmonary NTM infection. Therefore, it is necessary to preliminary test the detection of mycobacteria from clinical specimens directly by molecular methods, namely real-time PCR and DNA sequencing to identify mycobacteria species and apply to the Pax-ULFA PaxView® TB/NTM kit. Aims: To perform Molecular-based optimization for the detection and identification of mycobacteria directly in sputum patient suspected of pulmonary NTM infection. Method: A descriptive and experimental laboratory study, to optimize the annealing temperature, determination of minimal detection of DNA, cross reaction of optimized real-time PCR based on SYBR- Green and applied sputum from patients suspected of NTM pulmonary infection to real-time PCR and PaxView® TB/NTM MPCR-ULFA. Results: Two positive results from 30 sputum samples on real-time PCR mycobacterium and sequencing results were MTB, the results discordant with real-time PCR MTB. In the PaxView® TB/NTM MPCR-ULFA, 16 positive MTB results were obatined and no NTM was found. Conclusion: There was discordance in two sample of real-time PCR mycobacterium spp. with DNA sequencing, which is thought to be NTM but the result is M. tuberculosis. The need for further evaluation of real-time PCR based Mikrobiologi Klinik on SYBR Green."

"Leptospirosis adalah penyakit infeksi akut yang dapat menyerang rnanusia maupun hewan yang disebabkan bakteri Leprospfra spp dan digolongkan sebagai zoonosis. Gejala klinis leptospirosis yang tidak spesiiik dan sulitnya uji laboratorium untuk konfirmasi diagnosis mengakibatkan penyakit ini seringkali tidak terdiagnosis. Oleh karena itu dalam ponelirian ini dilakukan optimasi uji diagnostik molekuler menggimakan real-time PCR sebagai deteksi cepat, sensitif dan spesiflk untuk Leptospira patogen pada manusia DNA bakten di dalam spesimen darah diekstraksi menggunak:an QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit, Qiagen dan spesimen urin diekstraksi menggunakan QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit,Qiagen dengan prosodur sesuai dengan petunjuk manualnya. Primer dan probe yang digunakan berdasarkan publikasi penelitian oleh Smythe dkk, 2002. Dari hasil uji optimasi kondisi optimal real-time PCR didapat suhu annealing 60°c, konsentrasi primer 0,9 uM dan konsentrmi probe 0,2 uM. Spesifisitas primer diuji menggunakan DNA balcteri patogen lain Hasii uji sensitiiitas real-time PCR untuk mendeteksi konsentrasi DNA terendah bakteri Leprospim spp adalah 0,75 fypl, hasil uji spesitisitas real-time PCR menunjukkan bahwa primer yang digunakan untuk deteksi balderi Leprospira spp tidak beraksi silang dengan genom bakteri-bakteri uji, konsentrasi minimal DNA bakteri yang masih terdeteksi dalam darah mencapai 150 fg/pl, sedangkan dalam urin mencapai 1470 fg/pl yang masih dapat dideteksi dengan pemeriksaan real-time PCR. Metode real-time PCR ini dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif pemeriksaan mikrobiologi yang cepat dan tepat untuk mendiagnosis leptospirosis.

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Leptospirosis is an emerging infectious disease in human and animals caused by Leptospira spp. and considered endemic in Indonesia due to its tropical climate. The International Leptospirosis Society (2001) declared Indonesia has high incidence of leptospirosis and ranked the third in the world for mortality (16.7%) The clinical features are not specific and may result in a missed or delayed diagnosis. The microbiology diagnostic method e.g. culture and microscopic agglutination test (MAT) are sensitive and specific but time-consuming and high cost. The other method to detect the antibody result false positive reactions and need confirmation by the MAT. Therefore in this study we optimized the real-time PCR assay, which has been used to detect a large number of microbes. It has high sensitivity and specificity, thus making it ideal as a rapid and accurate method to detect pathogen Leptospira spp. in human specimens. The amplification of the DNA control was performed optimally with the following conditions: annealing temperature is 60°C, primer volume is 0.5p1 (final concentration: 0.9 phd); probe volume is 0.2 ul (final concentration 0.2 pM). This method may detect the DNA in the Mastermix Mix with the concentration of 0.75 fg/ul, however in blood specimen the limit of detection of the DNA 150 fg/pl and in urine is 1470 fg/pl. The primer used in this assay is not complementary with the DNA of other pathogenic Leptospira spp. The real-time PCR assay is a rapid and accurate method to detect pathogenic Leptospira in human specimens. Further studies are needed to know the sensitivity and specificity of the real-time PCR assay compared to other diagnostic methods in clinical settings."

"Latar Belakang : Enterococcus faecalis merupakan bakteri yang mampu membentuk biofilm dan banyak ditemukan pada kasus kegagalan perawatan saluran akar. Tujuan : Melihat daya antibakteri kitosan dan klorheksidin terhadap E. faecalis dalam biofilm. Metode : Deteksi dan kuantifikasi E. faecalis dalam biofilm yang hidup pasca pemaparan bahan uji, dengan real time PCR. Hasil : Terdapat perbedaan jumlah bakteri yang signifikan antara kedua kelompok bahan uji terhadap kontrol (p ≤ 0,05), tetapi tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok kitosan dan klorheksidin. Kesimpulan : Daya antibakteri kitosan 2% terhadap biofilm E. faecalis sebanding dengan klorheksidin 2%.

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Background : Enterococcus faecalis has an ability to form biofilms and become a predominant bacteria that plays a major role in the etiology of persistent lesions after root canal treatment.

Aim : To analyze the efficacy of chitosan and chlorhexidine against E. faecalis in biofilms.

Methods : Detection and quantification of E. faecalis DNA that survive and live after immersing the biofilm in antibacterial solution, with real time PCR.

Result : Statistically there is significant difference of living E. faecalis between chitosan and control and between 2% chlorhexidine and control (p ≤0,05). But there is no significant different between chitosan and chlorhexidine (p>0,05).

Conclusion : Antibacterial effectivity of chitosan is equal to chlorhexidine against E. faecalis in biofilm."