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""This book opens with a comprehensive overview of the scientific basis of lung function in health and disease. It then provides detailed coverage of the broad array of diseases and disorders affecting the respiratory system, including obstructive and restrictive diseases, pulmonary vascular disorders, sleep-disordered breathing, lung neoplasms, respiratory infections, and respiratory failure, among others.""

"Latar Belakang : Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis adalah penyakit infeksi paru-paru yang progresif, bersifat destruktif. Pasien CPA memiliki prognosis yang buruk dan dapat berkembang pada komplikasi yang mengancam jiwa. Tujuan : untuk mengetahui melihat persebasaran distribusi isolat jamur pada hasil sputum dan profil gejala klinis yang terdapat pada pasien tuberkulosis paru aktif dengan BTA negatif. Metode: Bersifat analitik desain potong lintang. Pengambilan data dari data rekam medis pasien terkait hasil laboratorium isolat jamur dan gejala klinis pada bulan Agustus – November 2020. Hasil : 253 subjek didapatkan karakteristik sebagai berikut yaitu subjek umumnya berjenis kelamin laki-laki 150 orang (58,5%). Gejala batuk 62 orang (24,31%), lelah 54 orang (21,17%), turunnya berat badan 45 orang (17.65%), nyeri dada 27 orang (10,6%), sesak 20 orang (7,8%), hemoptisis 8 orang 3,14%). Pada suhu 30˚C, 45˚C ataupun pada kedua kondisi suhu terdapat 75 (29,6%) hasil kultur positif terdeteksi Aspergillus, lebih banyak ditemukan pada biakan kultur jamur pada suhu 30˚C. Pada uji statistik chisquare tidak ada perbedaan bermakna profil klinis pasien TB BTA negatif dengan hasil kultur Aspergillus(P>0,05). Kesimpulan: Aspergillus niger dan Aspergillus fumigatus merupakan spesies jamur yang paling banyak tumbuh. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna pada profil klinis pasien TB BTA negatif antara pasien dengan hasil kulturAspergillus spp.

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Background: Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis is a progressive, destructive lung infectious disease that has a poor prognosis and can develop life-threatening complications.

Objective: To see the distribution of fungal isolates in sputum results and the profile of clinical symptoms found in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis with negative smear.

Method: Analytical using a cross-sectional design. Collecting data from patient medical records related to laboratory results of fungal isolates and clinical symptoms in August – November 2020.

Results: 253 subjects, the following subjects were generally 150 males (58.5%). Symptoms cough 62 people (24.31%), tired 54 people (21.17%), weight loss 45 people (17.65%), chest pain 27 people (10.6%), shortness of breath 20 people (7, 8% ), hemoptysis 8 people 3.14%. At a 30˚C, 45˚C or in both temperature conditions there were 75 (29.6%) positive culture results detected by Aspergillus, more were found in fungal cultures at 30˚C. In the chi-square statistical test, there was no significant difference in the clinical profile of smear negative TB patients with Aspergillus culture results

Conclusion: Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus were the most widely grown fungal species. There was no significant difference in the clinical profile of smear negative TB patients between patients with Aspergillus spp culture results."

"Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is currently underdiagnosis and consequently undertreatment in the clinical practice. A deficient in diagnostic modality and treatment availability especially in developing countries makes the CTEPH diagnosis unlikely to confirm. However, high index of clinical suspicion of CTEPH will lead to proper diagnosis and correct treatment with significant reduction in morbidity and mortality. Left untreated, the mean survival time is 6.8 years and the three year mortality rate may be as high as 90%. The pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of CTEPH are necessary to be shared among internists and primary care physicians, in order to improve the overall outcome of the patients.

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Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) saat ini masih mengalami underdiagnosis dan sebagai konsekuensinya juga undertreatment dalam praktik klinis. Kurangnya modalitas diagnosis dan ketersediaan modalitas tata laksana terutama di negara berkembang membuat diagnosis CTEPH sulit ditegakkan. Namun dengan indeks kecurigaan klinis terhadap CTEPH yang tinggi akan menuju ke diagnosis yang tepat dan terapi yang benar sehingga dapat menurunkan angka kesakitan dan kematian. Bila tidak diterapi, angka kesintasan rerata 6,8 tahun dan angka kematian dalam tiga tahun dapat mencapai 90%. Patofisiologi, diagnosis dan tatalaksana CTEPH perlu untuk diperkenalkan kepada para internis dan dokter pelayanan primer, sehingga outcome pasien dapat lebih baik."

"A reduction in lung capacity to oxygenize blood as well as in cardiovascular capacity to distribute blood may cause hypoxemia, which could then lead to tissue hypoxia and cellular death. The aim of oxygen treatment is to supply the minimum oxygen concentration needed to achieve adequate tissue oxygenation. There are various methods that can be used to supply oxygen, and the amount of oxygen requirement could also be calculated. Treatment methods are classified into STOT and LTOT. The benefit of oxygen treatment is increased survival, influence on the blood vessels, improved exercise capacity, and positive influence on the respiratory and neuropsychological systems. As with the case with pharmacological treatment, oxygen should be administered at certain doses to achieve greatest efficacy with the least toxicity."

"Latar Belakang: Pajanan debu silika telah diketahui sebagai salah satu faktor risiko infeksi TB paru. Diketahuinya besar risiko pajanan debu silika terhadap timbulnya TB paru dapat menjadi suatu aset dalam upaya advokasi program pemberantasan TB baik di pusat pelayanan kesehatan, maupun di tempat kerja, terutama tcrhadap sektor industri yang terkait pajanan debu silika seperti keramik, gelas, konstruksi, etc. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kasus kontrol dengan kasus 129 orang, dan kontrol 129 orang yang dipadankan menurut usia dan jenis kelamin. Wawancara riwayai pajanan debu silika dilalcukan dengan kuesioner yang telah diujicoba sebelumnya. Diagnosis TB paru diambil dari data sekunder hasil pemeriksaan basil tahan asam (BTA) sputum 3x dan foto toraks di awal diagnosis. Pengaruh pajanan debu silika terhadap TB pam dianalisis regresi logistik, disesuaikan terhadap sejumlah faktor risiko lainnya. Hasil: Dari analisis bivariat ditemukan bahwa faktor pajanan debu silika sedang-tinggi memiliki OR kasar = ll.05 (95% Cl = l.39~87-69, p = 0_023). Namm; analisis multivariat tidak menunjukkan kemaknaannya terhadap TB pam. Faktor risiko yang bermakna adalah pendidikan tamat SMP (OR suaian = 2.26, 95% CI = 0.97-5.27), tamat SD hingga tidak sekolah (OR suaian 2.16, 95% Cl = 0.95-4.92), penghasilan rendah (OR suaian = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.21-5.84), Indeks massa tubuh (IMT) kurang (OR suaian = 15.76, CI = 6.95-3546), riwayat minum alkohol sedang-berat (OR suaian = 6.77, 95% CI = 2.27-1 9.78). Simpulan dan saran: Tidak terdapat perbedaan dalam zisiko TB paru antara riwayat pekeljaan terkait pajanan debu silika dengan pekerjaan lainnya_ Keterbatasan popuiasi penelitian di puskesmas tempat penelitian diperkirakan mempunyai andil terhadap hasil yang diamati_ Penelitian selanjutnya perlu dilakukan pada populasi yang lebih spcsifik yaitu pada pekerja industri dengan pajanan debu silika.

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Silica dust exposure has long been known as risk factor for tuberculosis. Therefore, the risk on silica dust exposure can be an asset for health promotion to eradicate tuberculosis in the industrial setting, especially in silica-related industries such as ceramic, pottery, glass, construction, etc.

Methods: The study design is case-control with cases (129 persons) and control (129 persons) selected and matched by age with 5-year interval, and gender. History of occupation with silica dust exposure was taken by interview using questionnaire which had been tested its validity and reliability. Diagnosis of tuberculosis which are acid-fast bacilli.sputum.smear and.thorax.photo interpretation were taken. secondary available. The relationship between pulmonary TB and silica dust exposure was evaluated by logistic regression analysis adjusted for other confounding factors.

Result: Bivariate analysis shows that moderate to high silica dust exposure has crude OR=ll.05 (95% CI = 1.39-87.69, p=0.023). Meanwhile, multivariate analysis does not show its effect towards pulmonary TB. Factors that increases risk are junior high-school graduates (adjusted OR = 2.26, 95% CI = 0.97-5.27), illiterate up to elementary graduate (adjusted OR = 2.16, 95% CI = 0.95-4.92), low income (adjusted OR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.21-5.s4), new body mass index (BMI) (adjusted OR = 15.76, 95% CI = 6.95-3546), and moderate-heavy drinking (adjusted OR = 6.77, 95% CI = 2.27-l9_78).

Conclusion and Recommendation: Effect of occupation with silica dust exposure on pulmonary 'l`B is not shown in this study. Limitation of the study population was assumed as the cause. Further research is needed to be done in more specific population such as community of worker in industry with silica dust."

"Penyakit Tuberkulosis paru TB paru masih menjadi penyebab tingginya angka kesakitan dan kematian di dunia, termasuk Indonesia. Angka penemuan kasus TB paru di wilayah Kecamatan Duren Sawit berada di urutan ketiga tertinggi yang ada di Kotamadya Jakarta Timur, yaitu mencapai 249 jiwa. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian TB paru.Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah kasus kontrol dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 110 responden. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 55 kelompok kasus dan 55 kelompok kontrol. Sampel yang digunakan adalah pasien yang terdata dan terdiagnosa sesuai dengan konfirmasi laboratorium di Puskesmas. Sampel berusia minimal 15 tahun, bertempat tinggal di wilayah Kecamatan Duren Sawit dan tidak merenovasi rumah sebelum terdiagnosa TB paru. Kriteria kasus adalah pasien Puskesmas yang terdiagnosa TB paru BTA sedangkan kriteria kelompok kontrol adalah pasien Puskesmas yang dinyatakan TB paru BTA - oleh petugas Puskesmas.Hasil dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor risiko yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian TB paru di wilayah Kecamatan Duren Sawit adalah jenis kelamin OR 4,3; 95 CI 1,9-9,9 , tingkat pendidikan OR 4,2; 95 CI 1,9-9,4 , pekerjaan OR 3,2; 95 CI 1,3-7,7 , perilaku merokok OR 3,3; 95 CI 1,5-7,6 , pencahayaan OR 17,5; 95 CI 6,0-51,1 , suhu OR 6,6; 95 CI 2,9-15,4 , kepadatan hunian OR 9,5; 95 CI 4,0-22,6.

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Pulmonary tuberculosis TB is still the cause of the high number of morbidity and mortality in the world, including Indonesia. The number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases found in Duren Sawit subdistrict is the third highest in East Jakarta, reaching 249 people. The purpose of this study is to analyze factors related to pulmonary TB occurance.The research design used was case control with total 110 respondents. The study sample consisted of 55 case groups and 55 control groups. The samples used were patients who were recorded and diagnosed in accordance with laboratory confirmation at the Puskesmas Central Public Health . The sample is at least 15 years old, living in Duren Sawit sub district and not renovating the house before being diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. Case criteria were Puskesmas Central Public Health patients who were diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis while the control group criteria were Puskesmas Central Public Health patients who have been declared pulmonary TB AFB by Puskesmas Central Public Health officers.The results of this study indicated that the risk factors affecting pulmonary TB occurance in Duren Sawit sub district are gender OR 4.3, 95 CI 1.9 9.9 , education level OR 4.2, 95 CI 1.9 9.4 , occupations OR 3.2, 95 CI 1.3 7.7 , smoking behavior OR 3.3, 95 CI 1.5 7.6 , exposure OR 9,5 95 CI 6,0 51,1 , temperature OR 6,6,95 CI 2,9 15,4 , occupancy density OR 9,5 95 CI 4, 0 22,6. "