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Abstrak :

Latar Belakang: Morfologi telinga bervariasi antarindividu bergantung pada berbagai faktor, di antaranya faktor geografis dan etnik. Indonesia yang dihuni beraneka ragam suku bangsa tidak memiliki data mengenai protrusi normal telinga. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menyediakan data dasar anthropometri protrusi normal telinga pada mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran subras Melayu.

Metode: Penulis melakukan sebuah studi potong lintang pada mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran Rumah Sakit Hasan Sadikin. Dengan subjek duduk tegak, penulis mengukur jarak antara mastoid dan heliks pada level superaurale dan tragal. Penulis menggambarkan karakteristik protrusi telinga menggunakan statistic deskriptif.

Hasil: Kami melibatkan 409 mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran yang terdiri dari 105 laki-laki dan 304 perempuan. Dari 326 subjek Melayu, 307 merupakan keturunan Deutero Melayu, sementara 19 Proto Melayu. Protrusi superaurale rerata untuk subras Deutero Melayu adalah 16,7 mm (SD = 2,9) untuk telinga kiri dan 16,6 mm (SD = 2,9) untuk telinga kanan. Protrusi tragal adalah 21,7 mm (SD = 3,5) untuk telinga kiri dan 21,7 mm (SD = 3,5) untuk telinga kanan. Protrusi superaurale rerata untuk subras Proto Melayu adalah 15,8 mm (SD = 2,6) untuk telinga kiri dan 15,5 mm (SD = 3,6) untuk telinga kanan. Protrusi rerata level tragal adalah 20,1 mm (SD = 2,4) untuk telinga kiri dan 20,4 mm (SD = 3,3) untuk telinga kanan. Sebanyak 36 subjek merupakan subras campuran, dengan protrusi superaurale rerata 17 mm (SD = 3,4) untuk telinga kiri dan 16,9 mm (SD = 3,2) untuk telinga kanan. Protrusi tragal rerata kiri dan kanan kelompok ini adalah 22,7 mm (SD = 3,6) dan 22,9 mm (SD = 4).  Sisa 47 subjek berasal dari subras lain, yaitu Cina, India, dan Arab, dengan protrusi superaurale rerata kiri 14,7 mm (SD = 2,8) dan kanan 14,1 mm (SD = 2,9). Protrusi tragal rerata kelompok ini adalah 20,2 mm (SD = 3,6) untuk telinga kiri dan 20,6 mm (SD = 3,9) untuk telinga kanan.

Diskusi dan Kesimpulan: Hasil studi penulis menunjukkan hasil serupa dengan studi Purkait pada dewasa India. Meskipun demikian, protrusi tragal rerata studi ini melebihi kriteria klasik telinga prominen Adamson dan Wright yaitu 20 mm. Studi ini memberikan data anthropometri dasar untuk protrusi telinga populasi Indonesia, khususnya subras Melayu.

 

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Background: Ear morphology varies between individuals depending on many factors, the geographical and ethnic factors among others. While Indonesia is inhabited by diverse ethnic groups, data regarding normal ear protrusion is not available. This study aims to provide a baseline data on normal ear protrusion anthropometry among medical students of Malay subraces.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on Rumah Sakit Hasan Sadikin medical students. With the subject sitting upright, the distance between mastoid and the helix on superaurale and tragal level is measured. We depicted ear protrusion characteristics using descriptive statistics.

Result: We enrolled 409 medical students. There were 105 male and 304 female. From 326 Malay subjects, a total of 307 subjects were from Deutero Malay descent, while 19 were Proto Malay. The mean superaurale protrusion for Deutero Malay subrace was 16.7 mm (SD = 2.9) for the left ear and 16.6 mm (SD = 2.9) for the right ear. The tragal protrusion was 21.7 mm (SD = 3.5) for the left ear and 21.7 mm (SD = 3.5) for the right ear. The mean superaurale protrusion for Proto Malay subrace was 15.8 mm (SD = 2.6) for the left ear and 15.5 mm (SD = 3.6) for the right ear. Mean protrusion on the tragal level was 20.1 mm (SD = 2.4) for the left ear and 20.4 mm (SD = 3.3) for the right ear. Thirty six subjects were mixed subrace, whose mean superaurale protrusion was 17 mm (SD = 3.4) for the left ear and 16.9 mm (SD = 3.2) for the right. Their mean left and right tragal protrusion was 22.7 mm (SD = 3.6) and 22.9 mm (SD = 4).  The remaining 47 subjects belonged to other subraces, i.e. Chinese, Indian, and Arabic, with the left mean superaurale protrusion 14.7 mm (SD = 2.8) and the right 14.1 mm (SD = 2.9). Their mean tragal protrusion was 20.2 mm (SD = 3.6) for the left ear and 20.6 mm (SD = 3.9) for the right.

Discussion and Conclusion: Our results showed comparable values to Purkaits similar study on Indian adults. However, our mean tragal protrusion exceeds Adamson and Wrights classic criteria of protruding ear, which is 20 mm. This study provided a baseline anthropometric data on ear protrusion of Indonesian population, especially Malay subraces.

 

Abstrak :

Latar Belakang: Morfologi telinga bervariasi antarindividu bergantung pada berbagai faktor, di antaranya faktor geografis dan etnik. Indonesia yang dihuni beraneka ragam suku bangsa tidak memiliki data mengenai protrusi normal telinga. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menyediakan data dasar anthropometri protrusi normal telinga pada mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran subras Melayu.

Metode: Penulis melakukan sebuah studi potong lintang pada mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran Rumah Sakit Hasan Sadikin. Dengan subjek duduk tegak, penulis mengukur jarak antara mastoid dan heliks pada level superaurale dan tragal. Penulis menggambarkan karakteristik protrusi telinga menggunakan statistic deskriptif.

Hasil: Kami melibatkan 409 mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran yang terdiri dari 105 laki-laki dan 304 perempuan. Dari 326 subjek Melayu, 307 merupakan keturunan Deutero Melayu, sementara 19 Proto Melayu. Protrusi superaurale rerata untuk subras Deutero Melayu adalah 16,7 mm (SD = 2,9) untuk telinga kiri dan 16,6 mm (SD = 2,9) untuk telinga kanan. Protrusi tragal adalah 21,7 mm (SD = 3,5) untuk telinga kiri dan 21,7 mm (SD = 3,5) untuk telinga kanan. Protrusi superaurale rerata untuk subras Proto Melayu adalah 15,8 mm (SD = 2,6) untuk telinga kiri dan 15,5 mm (SD = 3,6) untuk telinga kanan. Protrusi rerata level tragal adalah 20,1 mm (SD = 2,4) untuk telinga kiri dan 20,4 mm (SD = 3,3) untuk telinga kanan. Sebanyak 36 subjek merupakan subras campuran, dengan protrusi superaurale rerata 17 mm (SD = 3,4) untuk telinga kiri dan 16,9 mm (SD = 3,2) untuk telinga kanan. Protrusi tragal rerata kiri dan kanan kelompok ini adalah 22,7 mm (SD = 3,6) dan 22,9 mm (SD = 4). Sisa 47 subjek berasal dari subras lain, yaitu Cina, India, dan Arab, dengan protrusi superaurale rerata kiri 14,7 mm (SD = 2,8) dan kanan 14,1 mm (SD = 2,9). Protrusi tragal rerata kelompok ini adalah 20,2 mm (SD = 3,6) untuk telinga kiri dan 20,6 mm (SD = 3,9) untuk telinga kanan.

Diskusi dan Kesimpulan: Hasil studi penulis menunjukkan hasil serupa dengan studi Purkait pada dewasa India. Meskipun demikian, protrusi tragal rerata studi ini melebihi kriteria klasik telinga prominen Adamson dan Wright yaitu 20 mm. Studi ini memberikan data anthropometri dasar untuk protrusi telinga populasi Indonesia, khususnya subras Melayu.

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Background: Ear morphology varies between individuals depending on many factors, the geographical and ethnic factors among others. While Indonesia is inhabited by diverse ethnic groups, data regarding normal ear protrusion is not available. This study aims to provide a baseline data on normal ear protrusion anthropometry among medical students of Malay subraces.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on Rumah Sakit Hasan Sadikin medical students. With the subject sitting upright, the distance between mastoid and the helix on superaurale and tragal level is measured. We depicted ear protrusion characteristics using descriptive statistics.

Result: We enrolled 409 medical students. There were 105 male and 304 female. From 326 Malay subjects, a total of 307 subjects were from Deutero Malay descent, while 19 were Proto Malay. The mean superaurale protrusion for Deutero Malay subrace was 16.7 mm (SD = 2.9) for the left ear and 16.6 mm (SD = 2.9) for the right ear. The tragal protrusion was 21.7 mm (SD = 3.5) for the left ear and 21.7 mm (SD = 3.5) for the right ear. The mean superaurale protrusion for Proto Malay subrace was 15.8 mm (SD = 2.6) for the left ear and 15.5 mm (SD = 3.6) for the right ear. Mean protrusion on the tragal level was 20.1 mm (SD = 2.4) for the left ear and 20.4 mm (SD = 3.3) for the right ear. Thirty six subjects were mixed subrace, whose mean superaurale protrusion was 17 mm (SD = 3.4) for the left ear and 16.9 mm (SD = 3.2) for the right. Their mean left and right tragal protrusion was 22.7 mm (SD = 3.6) and 22.9 mm (SD = 4). The remaining 47 subjects belonged to other subraces, i.e. Chinese, Indian, and Arabic, with the left mean superaurale protrusion 14.7 mm (SD = 2.8) and the right 14.1 mm (SD = 2.9). Their mean tragal protrusion was 20.2 mm (SD = 3.6) for the left ear and 20.6 mm (SD = 3.9) for the right.

Discussion and Conclusion: Our results showed comparable values to Purkaits similar study on Indian adults. However, our mean tragal protrusion exceeds Adamson and Wrights classic criteria of protruding ear, which is 20 mm. This study provided a baseline anthropometric data on ear protrusion of Indonesian population, especially Malay subraces.

Abstrak :
In a short space of time, the right to water has emerged from relative obscurity to claim a prominent place in human rights theory and practice. This book explores this rise descriptively and prescriptively. It analyses the recognition, use and partly impact, of the right to water in international and comparative law, civil society mobilisation and public policy. It also scrutinises the normative implications of the right to water with a focus on challenges and puzzles it creates for law and policymaking. These questions are explored globally and comparatively within different dynamics of the sector - water allocation, water access and urban and rural water reform - and in conjunction with the right to sanitation. This multi-disciplinary volume reveals the diverse ways in which the right to water has been adopted, but also its limitations when faced with the realities of political economy, political ecology and partly, traditional legal thought.

Abstrak :
Product Placement merupakan cara memasarkan yang sudah tidak asing dan banyak dilakukan. Berasal dari film Hollywood dan diadaptasi untuk dilakukan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk melihat perbandingan penilaian akan konsumen mengenai brand attitude akan product placement yang dilakukan secara tepat maupun yang tidak tepat (misleading brand placement). Penelitian ini berbentuk penelitian eksperimen dengan menggunakan analisis statistik deskriptif terhadap 140 orang mahasiswa program sarjana reguler Universitas Indonesia sebagai partisipan. Riset eksperimen ini berbentuk factorial design 2x2 ( jenis product placement & karakter product placement). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa brand attitude terhadap suatu merek atau produk akan meningkat setelah konsumen melihat brand atau produk tersebut ada di dalam sebuah film baik dilakukan secara prominent ataupun subtle dan juga jika dilakukan dengan correct dan misleading brand placement ......Product placement is a general marketing activity that has often been conducted. Originated from hollywood movies and then adapted to be used in indonesia. The research was intended to see the perception comparison of the consumers towards a brand attitude of the conducted product placement whether it is accurate or inaccurate (misleading product placement). This research is an experimental research using descriptive statistical analysis on 140 under graduate regular students of UI as the participants. The experimental research form is a 2x2 factorial design (types and characters of product placement). The result shows that the attitude towards a brand or a product increases after consumers see the products or brands appear in a movie, despite the appearance was prominent or subtle and whether the priduct placement was conducted correctly or misleading.