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"ABSTRAKRuang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian: Pada percobaan binatang kadar prolaktin serum yang tinggi dihubungkan dengan terjadinya edema. Dari penelitian pada hewan dan manusia dengan hipertensi ditemukan perubahan kadar ion kalsium serum. Percobaan in vitro membuktikan bahwa kadar magnesium yang rendah dalam cairan ekstraseluler meningkatkan tonus dan kepekaan pembuluh darah untuk berkontraksi. Gejala edema, hipertensi, dan spasmus pembuluh darah dijumpai pada kehamilan dengan sindroma preeklampsi. Pada manusia kadar prolaktin serum belum pernah dihubungkan dengan terjadinya edema, perubahan kadar ion kalsium serum pada hipertensi masih kontroversial, dan kaitan antara kadar magnesium serum dan spasmus pembuluh darah pada preeklampsi belum diketahui secara jelas. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran mengenai kadar prolaktin, ion kalsium, dan magnesium serum pada preeklampsi, yang mungkin dapat dimanfaatkan dalam menjelaskan permasalahan tadi. Kadar prolaktin ditetapkan dengan cara tera imunoradiometrik, kadar ion kalsium dengan cara elektroda selektif ion, dan kadar magnesium dengan spektrofotometri berdasarkan pembentukan kompleks dengan xylidil blue. Serum diperoleh dari 30 penderita preeklampsi dan 30 orang hamil normal dengan usia hamil antara 32 sampai dengan 43 minggu.Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Dari analisa terhadap serum tersebut di atas, ternyata 1/ tidak didapatkan korelasi yang bermakna antara kadar prolaktin serum dan derajat edema, 2/ dijumpai korelasi bermakna antara kadar ion kalsium serum dan hipertensi, dan 3/ tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara kadar magnesium serum pada preeklampsi dan kehamilan normal. Pada preeklampsi didapatkan 1/ kadar prolaktin serum antara 61,7 - 376,7 ng/ml; 2/ kadar ion kalsium 0,99 - 1,19 mmol/L; dan 3/ kadar magnesium serum 1,5-2,4 mg/dL.

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ABSTRACT

Scope and Method of Study: In animal, an increase of serum prolactin was related td the development of edema. In animal as well as in hypertensive humans the serum level of ionic calcium was altered. In vitro studies showed that at low level of extra cellular magnesium the tone and contractibility of the smooth muscle of blood vessels was increased. The syndrome of edema, hypertension, and spasm of blood vessels were found in preeclamptic women. The role of prolactin in the development of edema in human was unknown, the changes of ionic serum calcium in hypertension are still controversial, and the relation between serum level of magnesium and the spasm of blood vessels in preeclampsia was unclear. This study was carried out to measure the serum level of prolactin, ionic calcium, and magnesium in preeclampsia, which may be used to clarify the problem. Prolactin was determined by immunoradiometric assay (Abbott), ionic calcium by ion selective electrode (AVL-980), and magnesium by spectrophotometry using xylidil blue. The determination was carried out in 30 subjects with preeclampsia and 30 normal pregnancies, both at 32 - 43 weeks of pregnancy.

Findings and Conclusions: Analysis of the subjects above revealed that: 1/ there was no correlation between serum prolactin and the degree of edema in preeclampsia, 2/ serum ionic calcium showed a good correlation with hypertension, and 3/ there was no difference in serum magnesium in preeclampsia and normal pregnancy. In preeclampsia, the concentration of 1/ serum prolactin is 61.7 376.7 ng/mL; 2/ ionic calcium is 0.99-1.19 nmol/L; and 3/ serum magnesium is 1.5-2.4 mg/dL. In normal pregnancy, the concentrations are: 1/ serum prolactin 92.7-357.3 ng/mL 2/ serum ionic calcium 0.87-1.13 mmol/L, and 3/ serum magnesium 1.6-2.4 mg/dL."

"As a prolactin antagonist, dopamine binds to its receptor D2 and suppresses the secretion of prolactinfrom the pituitary gland. Required ligand that can interact with receptor so that dopamine can nolonger bound to its receptor. Ligands empirically derived from plants and have been proven toincrease human lactation. In silico study using molecular docking technique to identify ligandinteraction with dopamine D2 receptor (PDB: 1I15). The best posing and binding energy (ΔG) wereanalyzed and ranked to get potential dopamine D2 receptor inhibitor. Binding energy of apigenin,luteolin, kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin with PDB: 1I15 gives value respectively -5.90, -5.67, -5.64, -5.28, -4.36 kcal/mol. Interaction occurred between the ligand and amino acid residue ASN 192,PRO 204, SER 209 formed hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction with HIS 189."

"Latar Belakang: Pencucian spermatozoa dengan metode Swim-Up SU dan Density Gradient Centrifugation DGC untuk menyeleksi spermatozoa motil telah lama dilakukan, akan tetapi angka keberhasilan masih tergolong rendah. Alpha lipoic acid ALA merupakan antioksidan biologis poten yang berperan dalam regulasi serangan radikal bebas dan pencegahan terhadap kerusakan oksidatif yang disebabkan oleh peroksidasi lipid yang dapat berkontribusi pada integritas DNA spermatozoa. Selain itu, prolaktin PRL adalah salah satu hormon peptida yang juga merupakan faktor prosurvival spermatozoa melalui mekanisme supresi terhadap aktivasi protein kaspase, sehingga berperan dalam proteksi terhadap integritas DNA spermatozoa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh pemberian ALA dan PRL terhadap indeks fragmentasi DNA IFD dan status apoptosis spermatozoa deteksi protein kaspase setelah dilakukan pencucian spermatozoa dengan metode SU dan DGC. Metode: Sampel semen diperoleh dari 23 pria normozoospermia dari pasangan wanita infertil dan menjalani IUI. Analisis semen terhadap motilitas dan kecepatan dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah pencucian. Setelah pencucian spermatozoa dengan SU dan DGC, sampel kemudian diinkubasi pada berbagai konsentrasi ALA yaitu 0,625 mg ALA 1 , 1,25mg ALA 2 , 2,5 mg ALA 3 dan pada berbagai konsentrasi PRL yaitu 500 ng PRL 1 , 750 ng PRL 2 , serta 1000 ng PRL 3 . Selanjutnya dilakukan uji sperm chromatin dispersion SCD untuk mengevaluasi fragmentasi DNA spermatozoa dan uji Western Blot untuk mendeteksiprotein kaspase. Hasil: Studi menunjukkan bahwa tingkat IFD spermatozoa setelah pemberian ALA dan PRL mengalami penurunan dibandingkan dengan sampel semen setelah dilakukan pencucian, bahkan dibandingkan dengan sampel semen sebelum pencucian.Protein kaspase ditemukan pada sampel semen sebelum pencucian maupun setelah pencucian dengan metode SU dan DGC. Metode SU dapat menyeleksi spermatozoa dengan IFD yang lebih rendah dibandingkan metode DGC pada konsentrasi optimal ALA dan PRL. Kesimpulan: ALA dan PRL terbukti dapat menyeleksi spermatozoa dengan kualitas spermatozoa yang lebih baik ditinjau dari indeks fragmentasi DNA dan level apoptosis yang lebih rendah, setelah dilakukan pencucian.

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Background: Several methods were done to improved the success rate of intra uterine insemination IUI , some of them are Swim Up SU and Density Gradient Centrifugation DGC sperm preparation, nevertheless the success rate still remain low. Alpha Lipoic Acid ALA is a potent biological antioxidant that play role in regulation of free radical attack and oxidative damage prevention caused by lipid peroxidation which ultimately contribute to DNA integrity of the sperm. Moreover, prolactin PRL is one of peptide hormones which also a prosurvival factor of sperm through suppression of activation of caspase protein mechanism, thus affecting sperm DNA integrity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ALA and PRL supplementation on DNA fragmentation DFI and apoptotic stateof the spermafter sperm preparation using SU and DGC methods.

Methods: Semen samples were obtained from 23 men normozoospermia from partners of women who infertile and underwent IUI. Semen analysis was performed for motility and velocity before and after sperm preparation. After SU and DGC sperm preparation, samples were incubated in concentration of ALA at 0,625 mg ALA 1 , 1,25mg ALA 2 ,2,5 mg ALA 3 and PRL at 500 ng PRL 1 , 750 ng PRL 2 , 1000 ng PRL 3 . The Sperm Chromatin Dispersion SCD test was performed to evaluate the sperm DNA fragmentation and Western Blot assay to detect the caspase protein.

Results: This study confirmed that the level of sperm DNA fragmentation index DFI of sperm after supplementation of ALA and PRL were decreased compared to the sperm after preparation even compared to the whole semen. The presence of caspase protein was detected in whole semen samples,and after sperm preparation both SU and DGC, yet SU method could select the sperm with lower level of DNA fragmentation than the DGC method, both at the optimum concentration of ALA and PRL.

Conclusions: ALA and PRL were proved to select the better sperm quality with lower level of sperm DNA fragmentation and minimum density of caspase protein after sperm preparation."