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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
World Trade Organization (WTO) sebagai suatu badan perdagangan dibentuk berdasarkan ide liberalisasi perdagangan internasional untuk meningkatkan perdagangan dunia, dengan perdagangan dunia yang meningkat diharapkan kemakmuran umat manusia akan meningkat. WTO secara umum terbagi atas tiga perjanjian, yaitu the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), dan Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). Dalam GATS, WTO mengatur tentang perdagangan jasa-jasa, salah satunya yaitu financial services atau jasa keuangan yang di dalamnya mengatur tentang jasa perbankan. Indonesia sebagai negara yang telah meratifikasi WTO dengan Undang-undang Republik Indonesia No 7 tahun 1994 Tentang Pengesahan Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, bertanggung jawab untuk mengimplementasikan perjanjianperjanjian dalam WTO, termasuk tentang jasa perbankan yang diatur dalam GATS ke dalam peraturan perundang-undangan tentang perbankan Indonesia. Dalam dunia perbankan, sistem perbankan terbagi dua, yaitu sistem konvensional dan syariah, sistem perbankan syariah dewasa ini berkembang sangat pesat, dan telah menjadi salah satu pilihan transaki perbankan. GATS mengatur tentang pembukaan bank di negara-negara anggotanya dengan prinsip-prinsip nondiskriminasi dan harus seliberal mungkin, namun GATS juga memberikan kemungkinan negara untuk membuat Schedule of Specific Commitments (SoC) untuk menunjukkan bagaimana setiap negara anggota menerapkan kewajiban akses pasar dan perlakuan nasionalnya. Indonesia dalam SoC nya, mengatakan pembukaan bank asing syariah wajib dalam bentuk joint venture dengan lokal, dengan memungkinkan asing memiliki maksimum 99% dari modal disetor bank. Di Indonesia terdapat dua bank asing syariah yang telah beroperasi, yaitu Maybank Syariah dan Bank Muamalat Indonesia. Dalam pembukaan bank asing syariah, Indonesia telah menerapkan prinsip Most-Favoured Nation dengan baik, hanya prinsip resiprositas yang belum terlaksana dengan baik. Kedepannya, Indonesia wajib mengatur ulang kebijakannya di dalam negeri dan mengadakan negosiasi dengan negara lain agar bank nasional Indonesia dapat membuka cabangnya di luar negeri

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ABSTRACT
World Trade Organization (WTO) is an organization which was founded in the spirit of international trade liberalization with a view to improve the world trade, which consequently would improve the prosperity of mankind. Generally, WTO is based on three agreements; the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). In GATS, WTO regulates the trade of services; the financial services being one of them. It, furthermore, manages Indonesian banking services As a country that has ratified WTO, as stated in Law No 7 year 1994 of Republic of Indonesia on the ratification of Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Indonesia is responsible in implementing the agreements stated in WTO; which includes the banking services that is stated in GATS, into the banking law of Indonesia. The banking system is fundamentally divided into two; the conventional banking and the Islamic banking system which has rapidly developed and has successfully become a choice for people?s banking transactions. GATS regulates the establishment of banks in its member countries based on the non-discriminating and liberal principles. GATS, however, offers possibilities for its member countries to form a Schedule of Specific Commitments (SoC) as a mean to show their market access liability and their national banking acts. In its SoC, Indonesia states that any foreign Islamic banks must form a joint venture with local banks, with maximum capital of 99%. At the moment, there are two operating islamic banks in Indonesia; Maybank Syariah and Bank Muamalat Indonesia. In the establishment of islamic banks, Indonesia has applied Most-Favoured nation principle. However, the principle of reciprocity has yet to be applied effectively. In the near future, it is hoped that Indonesia could reconsider its national regulation, and hold negotiations with other countries, so as Indonesia?s own banks would be able to open their branches

Abstrak :
Skripsi ini membahas mengenai Delegated Regulation Supplementing Renewable Energy Directive (RED) II 2018/2001 yang dikeluarkan oleh European Union (EU). Pemberlakuan regulasi mengenai Renewable Energy Directive II dapat menimbulkan kerugian bagi negara-negara pengekspor Crude Palm Oil (CPO) karena penggunaan CPO akan pelan-pelan dikurangi hingga 2030 untuk mencapai tujuan dari Renewable Energy Directive II. Skripsi ini secara khusus membahas mengenai apakah Delegated Regulation Renewable Energy Directive II melanggar prinsip non-discrimination atau tidak dan upaya hukum apa yang dapat dilakukan Indonesia terhadap kebijakan RED II. Pelarangan penggunaan CPO disebabkan karena kelapa sawit dianggap sebagai tanaman yang mengakibatkan deforestasi dan tidak berkelanjutan serta berisiko tinggi. Skripsi ini disusun dengan menggunakan metode yuridis normative karena penelitian ini mengkaji aturan-aturan terkait Delegated Regulation Supplementing Renewable Energy Directive II terhadap prinsip non-discrimination serta pengaruhnya terhadap kebijakan perdagangan crude palm oil (CPO) di Indonesia. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder. Skripsi ini menyimpulkan bahwa Delegated Regulation Supplementing Renewable Energy Directive II melanggar prinsip non- discrimination dan Indonesia dapat menggugat ke Dispute Settlement Body WTO. Skripsi ini menyarankan jika terjadi sengketa antara Indonesia dan EU langkah- langkah yang dapat diambil oleh pihak yang bersengketa harus sesuai dengan mekanisme DSU. ......This thesis discusses the Delegated Regulation Supplementing Renewable Energy Directive (RED) II 2018/2001 by the European Union (EU). The enforcement of regulations regarding Renewable Energy Directive II can cause losses for exporting countries of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) because the use of CPO will slowly be reduced until 2030 to achieve the objectives of Renewable Energy Directive II. This thesis specifically discusses whether Delegated Regulation Renewable Energy Directive II violates the principle of non-discrimination or not and what legal efforts Indonesia can make towards RED II policies. The ban on the use of CPO is because oil palm is considered a plant that causes deforestation and is unsustainable and high risk. This thesis is compiled using normative juridical method because this study examines the rules related to Delegated Regulation Supplementing Renewable Energy Directive II on the principle of non- discrimination and its influence on the trade policy of crude palm oil (CPO) in Indonesia. Data collection in this study uses secondary data. This thesis concludes that the Delegated Regulation Supplementing Renewable Energy Directive II violates the principle of non-discrimination and Indonesia can sue the WTO Dispute Settlement Body This thesis suggests that if there is a dispute between Indonesia and the EU the steps that can be taken by the parties to the dispute must be in accordance with the DSU mechanism.

Abstrak :
Disrupsi teknologi telah mempengaruhi sektor ketenagakerjaan pada lingkup global maupun Indonesia. Perkembangan Artificial Intelligence (AI) yang semakin pesat turut berperan dalam mengubah sistem perekrutan pekerja yang konvensional menjadi terotomatisasi. Keberadaan Automated Employment Decision Tools (AEDT) saat ini sebagai teknologi mutakhir dalam sistem perekrutan pekerja yang mampu menghasilkan keputusan sendiri menimbulkan kekhawatiran dari calon pekerja. Perwujudan Prinsip Non-Diskriminasi sebagai pilar dalam konstruksi hukum ketenagakerjaan internasional maupun nasional menghadapi tantangan dan ancaman atas penggunaan AEDT. Hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya bias algoritmik pada AEDT mengakibatkan diskriminasi terhadap calon pekerja dari kelompok-kelompok non-preferensi yang tidak didesain oleh pengembang AEDT. Dengan adanya permasalahan tersebut, New York City telah menerbitkan Local Law 144 of 2021 yang mengatur secara khusus penggunaan AEDT. Sampai saat ini Indonesia belum memiliki pengaturan yang secara khusus mengatur penggunaan AEDT di Indonesia. Padahal penggunaan AEDT telah mulai dikembangkan oleh sejumlah perusahaan di Indonesia. Atas permasalahan tersebut, diperlukan penelitian dengan metode doktrinal. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, Pemerintah Indonesia perlu mengatur penggunaan AEDT yang mewajibkan pemberi kerja untuk melakukan audit bias secara berkala dan memberikan hasil perekrutan secara transparan dan akuntabel. Dengan adanya pengaturan tersebut diharapkan penggunaan AEDT di Indonesia nantinya tidak menimbulkan tindakan diskriminatif dan memberikan keadilan bagi calon pekerja. ......The disruption of technology has affected the employment sector globally, including in Indonesia. The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has played a role in transforming conventional hiring systems into automated processes. The existence of Automated Employment Decision Tools (AEDT) as the latest technology in the recruitment system, capable of making independent decisions, raises concerns among prospective employees. The realization of the Non-Discrimination Principle as a pillar in international and national labor law faces challenges and threats due to the use of AEDT. This is caused by algorithmic bias in AEDT, leading to discrimination against job candidates from non-preferred groups not designed by AEDT developers. In response to these issues, New York City has enacted Local Law 144 of 2021, specifically regulating the use of AEDT. As of now, Indonesia does not have specific regulations governing the use of AEDT, despite its development by several companies in the country. To address these problems, doctrinal research is needed. Based on the findings of this research, the Indonesian government needs to regulate the use of AEDT, requiring employers to conduct periodic bias audits and provide recruitment results transparently and accountably. With such regulations, it is hoped that the use of AEDT in Indonesia will not lead to discriminatory actions and will ensure fairness for job candidates.

Abstrak :

Skripsi ini membahas bentuk diskriminasi yang dilakukan oleh Uni Eropa melalui kebijakan Renewable Energy Directive (RED) terhadap komoditi sawit yang berdampak pada negara produsen sawit diantaranya Indonesia dan Malaysia. Uni Eropa melakukan bentuk diskriminasi melalui skema Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) dan sertifikasi sebagai syarat diberlakukannya RED. Skema ILUC memberikan hambatan non-tarif dan  hambatan tarif. Komoditi sawit dikategorikan sebagai komoditi High Risk karena memiliki nilai ILUC yang tinggi, hal ini bedampak pada penurunan nilai jual sawit di Uni Eropa. Selain skema ILUC, sertifikasi Certification of Sustainable Palm Oil (CSPO) RED juga memberikan hambatan non-tarif yang membatasi masuknya komoditi sawit ke pasar Uni Eropa, hal ini dikarenakan sertifikasi CSPO-RED bersifat wajib bagi komoditi yang akan masuk kedalam pasar Uni Eropa. Kedua hambatan tersebut merugikan Malaysia dan Indonesia sebagai eksportir terbesar sawit ke Uni Eropa. Indonesia dan Malaysia dirugikan karena terkena dampak tarif biaya dari skema ILUC sehingga menurunkan harga jual minyak sawit, selain itu Malaysia dan Indonesia juga dirugikan dengan tidak diakuinya sertifikasi lokal MSPO dan ISPO yang tidak berbeda jauh dari CSPO-RED. Diskriminasi yang dilakukan oleh RED Uni Eropa dalam skripsi ini penulis jelaskan menggunakan analisis teori proteksionisme oleh Levy dan mengaitkannya langsung dengan prinsip Non-diskriminasi World Trade Organization (WTO). Bentuk proteksionisme RED Uni Eropa dianalisa berdasarkan tingkat transparansinya (Intentional), Incidental, dan Instrumental Protectionism.

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......This thesis discusses the forms of discrimination carried out by the European Union through the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) policy on palm oil commodities that have an impact on palm producing countries including Indonesia and Malaysia. The European Union carries out forms of discrimination through the Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) scheme and certification as a condition for the enactment of RED. The ILUC scheme provides non-tariff barriers and tariff barriers. The palm oil commodity is categorized as a High Risk commodity because it has a high ILUC value, this affects the decline in the value of palm oil sales in the European Union. In addition to the ILUC certification scheme, the Certification of Sustainable Palm Oil (CSPO) RED also provides non-tariff barriers that limit the entry of palm oil commodities into the European Union market, this is because CSPO-RED certification is mandatory for commodities that will enter the EU market. Both of these obstacles harm Malaysia and Indonesia as the largest exporters of palm oil to the European Union. Indonesia and Malaysia were disadvantaged because they were affected by the cost tariffs of the ILUC scheme, thereby reducing the selling price of palm oil, besides that Malaysia and Indonesia were also disadvantaged by the non-recognition of MSPO and ISPO local certification that did not differ greatly from CSPO-RED. Discrimination conducted by RED of the European Union in this thesis the author explains using the analysis of protectionist theory by Levy and relates it directly to the principle of Non-discrimination World Trade Organization (WTO). The forms of protectionism of the EU RED are analyzed based on the level of transparency (Incentional), Incidental, and Instrumental Protectionism.