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Abstrak :
Penelitian ini menyajikan estimasi ekonometrika tingkat rumah tangga dari elastisitas pendapatan dan harga permintaan listrik perumahan di Indonesia. Menggunakan data panel survei rumah tangga tahunan SUSENAS dari tahun 2011 hingga 2013, estimasi mengontrol variabel terkait gaya hidup rumah tangga yang secara signifikan mempengaruhi konsumsi listrik seperti aspek demografis, ukuran tempat tinggal, dan kepemilikan peralatan rumah tangga. Hasil empiris menunjukkan bahwa di Indonesia, konsumsi listrik residensial bersifat inelastis terhadap harga dan pendapatan, dengan elastisitas harga dan pendapatan masing-masing sebesar -0,88 dan 0,3. Penduduk perkotaan menggunakan lebih banyak listrik daripada penduduk desa. Menyikapi pertumbuhan ekonomi, pemerintah harus menyiapkan kapasitas listrik yang lebih besar atau menaikkan tarif untuk mendorong penghematan listrik. ......This paper presents household-level econometric estimates of the income and price elasticities of residential electricity demand for Indonesia. Using annual household survey panel data of SUSENAS from 2011 to 2013, the estimation controls for household characteristics that significantly affect electricity consumption, such as demographic aspects, house size, and ownership of home appliances. The empirical results show that in Indonesia, the residential electricity is price- and income-inelastic, with price and income elasticities of -0.88 and 0.3, respectively. Urban residents use more electricity than their rural counterparts. Responding to the growing economy, the government should prepare a greater electricity capacity or induce a higher tariff to promote electricity savings.

Abstrak :
Perilaku konsumsi conspicuous banyak ditemui di negara-negara maju maupun berkembang. Di satu sisi, konsumsi conspicuous memberikan kontribusi positif seperti pertumbuhan dan percepatan perekonomian; namun di sisi lain dapat membawa dampak negatif seperti jebakan kemiskinan, kesenjangan, pengangguran dan kriminalitas. Di negara dunia ketiga termasuk Indonesia, konsumsi conspicuous dilakukan bahkan sebelum rumah tangga memiliki kemampuan memenuhi kebutuhan pangan, sandang dan papan mereka. Rumah tangga yang melakukan konsumsi conspicuous cenderung lebih mengutamakan pengeluarannya untuk barang-barang yang mudah terlihat publik dan mengurangi pengeluaran lain seperti pendidikan dan kesehatan, sehingga berpeluang kehilangan kesempatan untuk mengejar level pendapatan yang lebih tinggi. Selain itu rumah tangga mungkin mengurangi atau meniadakan tabungan yang sesungguhnya dibutuhkan untuk merealisasikan investasi di masa depan. Dampak negatif konsumsi conspicuous terutama semakin buruk ketika terjadi di kelas pendapatan bawah, hal mana membuat penelitian ini menjadi penting untuk dilakukan. Kebaruan studi konsumsi conspicuous ini karena merupakan penelitian empiris yang dilakukan menggunakan data sekunder. Penelitian terdahulu tentang topik ini kerap bersifat teoritis. Jikapun ada studi empiris, umumnya menggunakan data primer berupa survei atau wawancara semi terstruktur. Kebaruan lainnya adalah mensyaratkan adanya kondisi kedua, yaitu nilai elastistas pendapatan positif; setelah kondisi pertama terpenuhi yaitu nilai elastistas harga positif. Kondisi elastisitas pendapatan positif dipersyaratkan guna memilah antara barang dengan efek Veblen (disebut juga sebagai barang Veblen atau barang untuk konsumsi conspicuous atau barang conspicuous) dengan barang Giffen yang sama-sama memenuhi persyaratan kondisi pertama namun elastisitas pendapatan negatif. Lebih lanjut, dengan adanya syarat elastisitas pendapatan positif tersebut, dapat ditentukan barang conspicuous tersebut terkategorikan sebagai barang necessities ataukah mewah (luxury). Penelitian konsumsi conspicuous ini dilakukan dengan mencermati keberadaan efek Veblen pada konsumsi di Indonesia dengan menerapkan model empiris menggunakan price dependent utility function Fechner Thurstone dengan kendala anggaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional periode 2008, 2009 dan 2010 (Susenas Panel) pada level yang lebih mikro yaitu rumah tangga, membedakannya berdasar kelas pendapatan (income class), pengeluaran konsumsi, menggunakan variabel kontrol, dan penerapan kepada delapan kelompok barang, dengan harga masing-masing kelompok barang diproksi menggunakan indeks harga konsumen (IHK). Uji empiris dilakukan menggunakan metoda estimasi panel seemingly unrelated regression (SUR Panel) untuk mengolah data panel yang merupakan kombinasi data cross section dan time series (rumah tangga dengan pengeluaran konsumsi serta harga sepanjang periode 2008, 2009 dan 2010). Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji keberadaan efek Veblen dalam perilaku konsumsi di Indonesia; mengeksplorasi kelompok-kelompok barang yang memiliki efek Veblen; serta mengidentifikasi perbedaan kelompok-kelompok barang yang memiliki efek Veblen antar kelas pendapatan. Dengan adanya penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memperluas wawasan dan pemahaman masyarakat serta para pengambil kebijakan terkait konsumsi conspicuous di Indonesia. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya konsumsi conspicuous di Indonesia, terlihat dari ditemuinya efek Veblen di seluruh kelas pendapatan rumah tangga. Kelompok barang conspicuous dapat berbeda antar kelas pendapatan dimana kelompok barang sandang dan barang pribadi ditemui di setiap kelas pendapatan. Barang dengan efek Veblen di Indonesia umumnya berupa barang neccesities kecuali kelompok barang bahan makanan di kelas pendapatan atas, serta kelompok barang transpor, komunikasi, jasa keuangan di kelas pendapatan bawah; keduanya merupakan barang mewah. ......Conspicuous consumption is commonly found in both developed and developing countries. On the one hand, conspicuous consumption contributes positively to the growth and acceleration of the economy; but on the other hand it can bring negative impacts like poverty traps, inequalities, unemployment and crime. In third world countries including Indonesia, conspicuous consumption is conducted even before households have the ability to fulfil their food, clothing and housing needs. Households involved in conspicuous consumption tend to spend more on visible items and reduce other expenses such as education and health, thus losing the opportunity to acquire higher income. Moreover, households may reduce or eliminate savings which actually required to apprehend future investments. The negative impact of conspicuous consumption is especially worse when it occurs in lower income classes, which makes this research crucial to be conducted. The novelty of this study is its empirical type and the enactment of secondary data. Previous research on this topic is often theoretical. Even if there are empirical studies, they are using primary data like interview or semi-structured survey. Another novelty is the prerequisite of second condition, namely the positive value of income elasticity; after the first condition of positive price elasticity is met. This second condition is required to distinguish goods with positive Veblen effects (also referred as Veblen goods, or goods for conspicuous, or conspicuous consumption) with Giffen goods that characterized with negative income elasticity. Furthermore, by the condition of positive income elasticity, conspicuous goods can be categorized as of necessities or luxury goods. This study aims to examine the existence of Veblen effects in consumption behavior in Indonesia; exploring groups of goods that have Veblen effects; and identifying different groups of goods with Veblen effects among income classes. This research is expected to broaden the insight and understanding of people and policy makers related to conspicuous consumption in Indonesia. This research is done by observing the existence of Veblen effect on consumption in Indonesia by applying empirical model using Fechner Thurstone price dependent utility function with budget constraint. This study uses secondary data of the National Socioeconomic Survey of 2008, 2009 and 2010 (Susenas Panel) at the micro (households) level, characterised by income classes, consumption expenditures, control variables, eight groups of bundle goods, at the price proxied with the consumer price index (CPI). The empirical assessment was conducted using panel seemingly unrelated regression (SUR Panel) estimation method to process panel data which is a combination of cross section and time series data (households with consumption expenditures and prices during the period of 2008, 2009 and 2010). This study concluded about the existence of conspicuous consumption in Indonesia, that Veblen effects are found in all income classes. Conspicuous goods may differ between income classes nevertheless bundle goods of clothing and personal items are found in each income class. Goods with Veblen effects in Indonesia generally are neccesities goods; except for foodstuffs in the upper income class; and transports, communications, financial services in the lower income class; both are luxury goods.

Abstrak :
Tujuan studi untuk melihat pengaruh harga rokok dan lingkungan merokok pada probability merokok, realokasi pengeluaran dan nutrisi rumah tangga. Data yang digunakan Survey Sosial Ekonomi 2014, Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013 dan Potensi Desa 2014. Almost Ideal Demand System dengan memasukkan Invers Mills Ratio dan koreksi unit value sebagai proksi harga. Hasilnya, kenaikan harga rokok menurunkan probability merokok; meningkatkan share pengeluaran rokok, menurunkan share sebagian besar kelompok pangan; menurunkan konsumsi rokok dan sebagian besar kelompok pangan; menurunkan konsumsi protein dan kalori rumah tangga. Peningkatan lingkungan merokok meningkatkan share pengeluaran rokok. Daerah dengan Kawasan Tanpa Rokok menurunkan probability merokok dan share pengeluaran rokok. ......This study assesses the effect of cigarette price and smoking environment in cigarette demand, food, and its implication on household’s nutrition. Almost Ideal Demand System Model accomodate Invers Mills Ratio and corrected unit values. Main data is the 2014 National Social Economy Survey. The results are the increase of cigarette price will decrease smoking participation, increase cigarette budget share and reduce the majority of food budget share; reduce the cigarette and the majority of food group consumption; and reduce households’ protein and calorie consumption. The social environment increase cigarette expenditure. Smoking Free Area Policy reduce smoking participation and cigarette budget.

Abstrak :
The main idea of this study is to determine the impact of relative inflation on poverty incidents and to investigate whether inflation inequality has occurred in Indonesia. Interesting results were found at regional level. Firstly, Jakarta had different poverty response with respect to price increases. Processed food and transportation inflation were more imperative for the poor in Jakarta. Secondly, the poor in province with low poverty figures were more prone to inflation. In general, the results show that food inflation has the major adverse impact on the poor. Moreover, we found that inflation in Indonesia has not been pro-poor.

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Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan dampak dari perubahan harga terhadap kemiskinan, serta juga untuk mengetahui apakah terjadi ketimpangan inflasi di Indonesia. Hasil yang menarik diperoleh dari analisa pada tingkat provinsi. Pertama, kemiskinan pada provinsi Jakarta memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda. Inflasi pada makanan jadi dan transportasi justru memiliki dampak yang lebih merugikan masyarakat miskin. Kedua, masyarakat miskin yang berada di provinsi dengan tingkat kemiskinan relatif rendah justru lebih sensitif terhadap inflasi. Secara umum, inflasi bahan makanan merupakan faktor terbesar dalam peningkatan kemiskinan. Selain itu, masyarakat miskin telah mengalami total inflasi yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan masyarakat tidak miskin.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
The declining trend of Tabalong Regencys economic growth in recent years adversely affected the poverty rate. Further, the recent energy subsidy policy applied by the Indonesian Government has pushed the subsidys budget down for some energy goods. Therefore, there should be an awareness regarding the current energy policy and the impact on the poverty particularly in Tabalong Regency. This paper investigates the demand system for the three main energy goods; premium fuel, electricity, and Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) in Tabalong Regency of the South Kalimantan Province. Although the same method was previously used on the different topics, this paper uniquely utilizes the combined Linear Approximation and Quadratic Almost-Ideal Demand System on the particular energy policy topic. This paper utilizes the National Social Economics Survey conducted by BPS-Statistics of Tabalong Regency in 2016. The results show that the income elasticity of demand for the top 60% and the bottom 40% of the income groups were positive; however, slight differences could be seen. For the top 60% of the income group, the income elasticities of demand were 0.97, 1.02, and 1.08 for premium fuel, electricity, and LPG respectively. On the other hand, the bottom 40% of the income group had 0.99, 1.07, and 0.91 of income elasticity of demand for premium, electricity, and LPG. The price elasticity of demand for both income groups had negative signs, which is agreeing with the theoretical demand function. These results indicate that the current energy policy should continue with securing the poor households from the possible effect.