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"Perkembangan industri batik tidak diimbangi dengan pengolahan limbah yang memadai. Sebagian besar penghasil batik membuang langsung limbah cairnya ke perairan tanpa mengolahnya terlebih dahulu. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan upaya pengolahan limbah batik menggunakan metode filtrasi dengan mengevaluasi pengaruh variasi konsentrasi bahan membran dan tekanan umpan terhadap kemampuan penyisihan pengotor. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan preparasi membran flat sheetberbahan polisulfon dengan pelarut N-metil-2-pirrolidon atau NMP dan aditif polivinilpirolidon (PVP). Membran yang dihasilkan dikarakterisasi menggunakan uji SEM, FTIR, dan sudut kontak. Membran dipreparasi dengan komposisi PSf dan PVP masing-masing 7,35 gram dan 0,15 gram untuk membran PSf/PVP0,15; 7,25 gram dan 0,25 gram untuk membran PSf/PVP0,25; dan 7,15 gram dan 0,35 gram untukPSf/PVP0,35; dengan pelarut NMP sebanyak 42,5 mL. Proses filtrasi membran dilakukan dengan variasi tekanan umpan 4, 5, 6, dan 7 bar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan membran PSf/PVP0,25memiliki jumlah pori terbanyak dan memiliki sifat paling hidrofilik dengan sudut kontak 50o. Filtrasi membran menunjukkan hasil bahwa semakin rendah tekanan, semakin tinggi persentase rejeksi sedangkan pengaruh komposisi membran berbeda-beda untuk tiap parameter. Dengan tekanan 4 bar, membran PSf/PVP0,25memiliki rejeksi COD dan warna tertinggi sebesar masing-masing 61,73% dan 61,16%; sedangkan membran PSf/PVP0,35memiliki rejeksi TDS dan konduktivitas tertinggi sebesar masing-masing 49,43%.Variasi tekanan umpan dan komposisi membran tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap penyisihan TSS dan perubahan pH permeat.

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The development of the batik industry is not matched by adequate waste treatment. Most batik producers dispose of their liquid waste directly into the waters without processing it first. In this research an attempt was made to treat batik waste using a filtration method by evaluating the effect of variations in membrane material concentration and feed pressure on the ability of impurity removal. In this study, a flat sheet membrane made from polysulfone was prepared with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or NMP solvent and polyvinylpirolidone (PVP) additive. The resulting membrane was characterized using SEM, FTIR, and contact angletests. Membranes were prepared with PSf and PVP compositions of 7.35 grams and 0.15 grams for the PSf/PVP0,15 membrane; 7.25 grams and 0.25 grams for the PSf/PVP0,25membrane; and 7.15 grams and 0.35 grams for the PSf/PVP0,35 membrane; with NMP as much as 42.5 mL. The membrane filtration process is carried out with feed pressure variations of 4, 5, 6, and 7 bars. The results showed the PSf/PVP0,25membrane has the highest number of pores and has the most hydrophilic properties with a contact angle of 50o. Membrane filtration shows results that the lower the pressure, the higher the rejection percentage, while the effect of membrane composition vary with each parameter. With a pressure of 4 bar, the PSf/PVP0,25membrane has the highest COD and color content rejection of 61.73% and 61.16% respectively while the PSf/PVP0,35membrane has the highest TDS rejection and conductivity of 49.43% and 48.57%, respectively. Varying the feed pressure and membrane composition did not have a significant effect on TSS removal and permeate pH changes.

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"Teknologi membran saat ini sudah banyak diaplikasikan untuk mengolah limbah berbagai industri, salah satunya dapat industri tahu. Namun di Indonesia, pengolahan limbah industri tahu masih menggunakan metode konvensional dan belum memenuhi baku mutu pemerintah, sehingga dibutuhkan metode pengolahan yag lebih efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan preparasi serta menguji kinerja membran polisulfon dengan proses filtrasi untuk pengolahan limbah cair industri tahu. Penelitian ini diawali oleh preparasi membran polisulfon (PSf) dengan pelarut n-metil-2-pirolidon (NMP) dan aditif polivinilpirolidon (PVP) dengan metode inversi fasa dan teknik imersi presipitasi, dengan variasi massa PVP sebanyak 0,15 gram; 0,25 gram; dan 0,35 gram. Membran yang telah dipreparasi kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan SEM, FTIR, serta sudut kontak. Limbah cair tahu sebagai umpan filtrasi telah melalui proses pre-treatment dengan metode koagulasi-flokulasi. Kemudian limbah umpan tersebut difiltrasi menggunakan membran PSf/NMP/PVP dengan variasi umpan 4, 5, 6, dan 7 bar. Penambahan konsentrasi PVP meningkatkan porositas dan hidrofilisitas, namun penambahan PVP yang berlebihan akan meningkatkan viskositas membran sehingga membuat membran menjadi lebih padat. Hal ini yang menyebabkan fluks air dan fluks permeat mengalami kenaikan pada membran PSf/NMP/PVP0,15 dan PSf/NMP/PVP0,25 namun namun menurun pada PSf/NMP/PVP0,35. Rejeksi COD dan TDS yang dihasilkan pada penelitian berkisar antara 8,3% hingga 60,53% dan 4,77% hingga 28,57%; sedangkan rejeksi TSS dan kekeruhan yang dihasilkan berkisar antara 16,67% hingga 75% dan 8,3% hingga 75%; dan pH berkisar antara 7,28 hingga 7,58......Membrane technology nowadays is applied for wastewater treatment in multiple industries, one of them is the tofu industry. However in Indonesia, tofu industrial wastewater treatment still uses the conventional method that has yet to meet the government’s quality standards, so a more effective treatment method is needed. This research aimed to prepare and examine the performance of polysulfone (PSf) membrane using n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) additive according to phase inversion method by immersion precipitation technique, with PVP mass variation of 0,15; 0,25; and 0,35 grams. Membrane that has been prepared is then characterized by undergoing several tests of SEM, FT-IR, and contact angle. First, tofu wastewater as feed has been through the pre-treatment process using coagulation-flocculation method. The feed is then filtrated using prepared PSf/NMP/PVP membranes with pressure variation of 4, 5, 6, and 7 bars. The addition of PVP concentrations increases porosity and hydrophilicity, but the excessive addition of PVP will increase membrane viscosity thereby making the membrane denser. This is what causes the water flux and permeate flux to increase in PSf/NMP/PVP0,15 and PSf/NMP/PVP0,25 membranes but decrease in PSf/NMP/PVP0,35 membrane. The COD and TDS rejection percentages resulted in this research ranged from 8,3% up to 60,53% and 4,77% up to 28,57%; the TSS dan turbidity rejection percentages ranged from 16,67% up to 75% and 8,3% up to 75%, meanwhile the pH varies from 7,28 to 7,58."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis dan mengevaluasi membran berbasis poliviniliden fluorida (PVDF) dengan penambahan polietilen glikol (PEG) 600 sebagai aditif pembentuk pori untuk aplikasi pengolahan air limbah berminyak. PVDF dipilih karena kestabilan kimia dan ketahanan termalnya yang tinggi, sementara PEG 600 berperan dalam meningkatkan sifat-sifat fisik dan kinerja filtrasi membran. Variasi massa PEG 600 yang digunakan adalah 0,5; 1; dan 1,5 gram. Evaluasi dilakukan terhadap sifat fisik (morfologi, porositas, kekuatan tarik gugus fungsi dan sudut kontak) serta kinerja pemisahan terhadap polutan seperti COD, TDS, TSS, pH, warna dan kekeruhan melalui sistem ultrafiltrasi pada tekanan operasi 3, 4, dan 5 bar. Air limbah berminyak yang digunakan pada ultrafiltrasi akan di pre-treatment terlebih dahulu dengan metode koagulasi-flokulasi dan menggunakan koagulan poliakrilamida. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan massa PEG 600 menghasilkan membran dengan pori-pori lebih banyak, membran lebih tebal, elongasi, porositas dan sudut kontak meningkat, akan tetapi kuat tarik dan modulus young menurun. Namun penambahan PEG 600 dan tekanan operasi pada ultrafiltrasi menurunkan rejeksi terhadap COD, TDS TSS, pH, warna dan kekeruhan. Rentang hasil penyisihan COD, TDS, TSS, dan kekeruhan masing-masing membran secara berurutan yaitu, 45,04–91,59%; 2,78–24,51%; 61,72–91,72%; dan 46,10–89,98%. 

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This study aims to synthesize and evaluate polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based membranes with the incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 600 as a pore-forming additive for the treatment of oily wastewater. PVDF was selected due to its high chemical stability and thermal resistance, while PEG 600 contributes to enhancing the membrane's physical properties and filtration performance. The variations in the mass of PEG 600 utilized were 0.5, 1, and 1.5 grams, respectively. The evaluation process encompassed a comprehensive array of physical properties, including morphology, porosity, tensile strength of functional groups, and contact angle. Additionally, the study assessed the separation performance of the ultrafiltration system against various pollutants, such as COD, TDS, TSS, pH, color, and turbidity. The experimental setup utilized operating pressures of 3, 4, and 5 bar. The oily wastewater utilized in ultrafiltration underwent a pretreatment phase that incorporated the coagulation-flocculation method, with polyacrylamide serving as the primary coagulant agent. The findings of the study suggest that increasing the mass of PEG 600 leads to the formation of membranes with a greater number of pores, increased thickness, elevated porosity, and contact angle, while concurrently resulting in diminished tensile strength and Young's modulus. However, the incorporation of PEG 600 and the application of operating pressure during ultrafiltration processes have been shown to enhance the removal of COD, TDS, TSS, pH, color, and turbidity. The range of COD, TDS, TSS, and turbidity removal efficiency for each membrane, respectively, was 45.04–91.59%; 2.78–24.51%; 61.72–91.72%; and 46.10–89.98%. "