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Abstrak :
Tesis ini membahas tentang penerapan Theraplay pada anak usia prasekolah yang mengalami Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif single-case design yang melibatkan anak dan orangtua. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa intervensi Theraplay efektif dalam menangani GAD pada anak usia pra-sekolah. Efektivitas Theraplay dalam menangani GAD terlihat dari beberapa gejala GAD yang tidak lagi muncul setelah intervensi, seperti ketegangan otot dan kesulitan tidur. Selain itu, tingkat kecemasan juga menurun setelah intervensi sehingga anak tidak lagi mengalami kecemasan yang mengganggu fungsi adaptif di rumah, sekolah, dan lingkungan sosial. Setelah intervensi ia lebih mampu mengelola kecemasannya, menerima pengalaman baru secara lebih positif, dan memiliki fungsi adaptif yang lebih baik. Melalui intervensi Theraplay, terjadi peningkatan kualitas interaksi antara ibu dan anak sehingga attachment antara ibu dan anak menjadi lebih positif. Interaksi antara anak dan orangtua yang semakin positif mengubah internal working model (IWM) anak sehingga kepercayaan diri anak meningkat. Selain itu, perubahan IWM juga menjadikan cara pandang anak terhadap lingkungan dan dunia sekitarnya lebih positif. Hal ini berdampak pada penurunan skor internalizing scale dan peningkatan fungsi adaptif dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. ......The purpose of this study is to examine the effectivity of Theraplay on preschool children with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). This study uses a qualitative single-case design which involves a child and his parent. Results show that Theraplay is an effective intervention for a preschooler with GAD. Several GAD symptoms were no longer present after the intervention, specifically muscle tension and sleeping problem. Furthermore, the level of anxiety also decreased to a point where the child no longer experienced excessive and uncontrollable anxiety which intervered with her adaptive functioning at home, school, and other social environments. After the intervention, she is more able to manage her anxiety, perceive new experiences more positively, and has improved adaptive functions. Through Theraplay, the quality of interaction between the mother and child evidently increased in that the attachment between them became more positive. The improved interaction between the parent and child shifted the internal working model (IWM) so that the child's self-esteem increased. Moreover, this shift in IWM also positively influenced the child`s perspective of looking at her environment. This in turn resulted in a decrease in internalizing scores and an increase in daily adaptive functioning.

Abstrak :
Perkembangan kognitif anak pra-sekolah merupakan faktor penting yang dapat menentukan kemampuan kognitifnya di kemudian hari. Namun berbagai penelitian sebelumnya menemukan bahwa terdapat anak yang mengalami keterlambatan perkembangan kognitif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran perkembangan kognitif serta hubungannya terhadap status gizi (TB/U & IMT/U), riwayat berat badan lahir dan stimulasi psikososial pada anak pra-sekolah (usia 5-6) tahun di Kecamatan Duren Sawit & Kramat Jati, Jakarta Timur. Pada penelitian ini digunakan analisis kuantitatif dengan desain potong lintang dan metode analisis korelasi. Hasil analisis univariat menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata perkembangan kognitif anak dinilai baik (n = 71). Terdapat  korelasi yang bermakna antara hubungan perkembangan kognitif dan TB/U & berat badan lahir (p = 0,001; 0,02). Tingkat pendapatan ditemukan bermakna pada kelompok responden berpendapatan menengah-tinggi dalam hubungan antara perkembangan kognitif dan status gizi TB/U & berat badan lahir. Hasil analisis lebih lanjut dengan regresi linear multivariat menunjukkan bahwa status gizi TB/U merupakan faktor dominan yang berkontribusi terhadap tingkat perkembangan kognitif sebesar 68% (R2 = 0,68; sig = 0,001). ......Cognitive development in pre-school children is known to be important factor that contributes to later cognitive function in school-age. Previous studies found that there were numbers of children not fulfilling their cognitive development. This research focus on the cognitive development and its correlation to nutritional status (HAZ & BAZ), birth weight and psychosocial stimulation on 71 pre-school children (5-6 y.o) in Duren Sawit & Kramat Jati districts, Jakarta Timur. We implemented quantitative analysis with crosssectional design study and correlation analysis method. Univariate analysis showed that the cognitive development is mostly good (n = 71). We investigated that there was significant correlation between cognitive development and on BAZ & birth weight (p = 0,001; 0,02). Level of income is shown to be significant among averagehigh income group in the correlation of cognitive development and BAZ & birth weight. Further analysis used multivariate linear regression showed that BAZ was the dominant factors that contributes cognitive development level for 68% (R2 = 0,68; sig = 0,001).

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bermaksud mengetahui dan memahami mediasi seperti apa yang diterapkan oleh orangtua pada anak pengguna gadget. Teori Mediasi Orangtua digunakan untuk melihat bagaimana orangtua menerapkan mediasi aktif, restriktif dan co-viewing pada anak pengguna gadget. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan paradigma postpositivisme. Wawancara mendalam dilakukan pada orangtua dari anak umur 3-5 tahun yang tinggal di daerah perkotaan. Terkait dengan teori, hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa media yang paling sering di konsumsi anak setelah televisi adalah gadget. Hal ini terkait dengan kondisi sosial budaya serta status ekonomi masyarakat perkotaan. Dalam penerapan strategi mediasi pada anak pengguna gadget, orangtua melakukan kombinasi dari mediasi aktif, restriktif dan co-viewing yang ditentukan oleh perhatian utama orangtua (parental concern). Selain itu, ditemukan juga mediasi participatory learning dimana anak dan orangtua belajar bersama mengenai konten media yang ada dalam gadget

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ABSTRACT
This study is to find and understand what mediation adopted by parents in children gadget users. Parental Mediation Theory used to see how parents implement active mediation, restrictive and co-viewing in children gadget users. This study is a qualitative research with a postpositivism paradigm. In-depth interviews were conducted with parents of children aged 3-5 years who live in urban areas. Associated with the theory, the results of this study indicate that the media most often in children after television consumption is gadgets. It is related to the socio-cultural conditions and economic status of urban communities. In the application of mediation strategies in children gadget users, parents do a combination of active mediation, restrictive and co-viewing is determined by the primary concern of parents (parental concern). In addition there are also mediating participatory learning where children and parents learn together about the existing media content in the gadget.

Abstrak :
Pembangunan kesehatan masyarakat Indonesia dilakukan dalam keseluruhan proses kehidupan mulai dalam kandungan sampai usia lanjut. Indonesia sebagai negara berkembang, walaupun sedang dilanda krisis di segala bidang, sudah sepantasnya tetap mempertahankan generasi penerus agar tetap sehat dan handal. Kesehatan gigi, sebagai bagian integral dari kesehatan manusia seutuhnya juga berperan dalam meningkatkan kualitas dan produktivitas sumber daya manusia. Kesehatan gigi memang bukan masalah utama, namun apabila gigi anak mengalami kerusakan, sudah pasti anak mengalami gangguan 'intake' makanan. Kunjungan anak sedini mungkin ke klinik gigi puskesmas merupakan salah satu contoh perilaku orang tua yang memperhatikan masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut, dalam hal ini posisi seorang ibu sangat menentukan perilaku pencarian pengobatan untuk anaknya. Departemen kesehatan RI mentargetkan kunjungan anak balita dan prasekolah ke klinik gigi puskesmas adalah 50 % dari kunjungan anak balita dan prasekolah ke klinik KIA puskesmas. Berdasarkan data yang ada, dari 20 puskesmas di wilayah Kota Pontianak pada tahun 1999, baru 5 puskesmas yang mencapai target tersebut, selebihnya sebanyak 15 puskesmas masih jauh dari pencapaian target tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang berhubungan dengan kunjungan anak balita dan pra-sekolah ke klinik gigi puskesmas di Kota Pontianak. Menurut teori Green, faktor-faktor yang merupakan penyebab perilaku dibedakan dalam tiga jenis yaitu faktor predisposisi, faktor pemungkin (enabling) dan faktor penguat (reinforcing). Dalam penelitian ini, faktor predisposisi yang ingin dilihat adalah keadaan sosiodemografi ibu, yaitu umur, pendidikan, pekerjaan, pengalaman ibu berobat gigi, sikap dan pengetahuan ibu terhadap kesehatan gigi dan mulut anaknya. Faktor pemungkin adalah persepsi ibu terhadap jarak menuju puskesmas, sedangkan penyuluhan kesehatan gigi yang pernah diterima ibu adalah faktor penguat. Metode penelitian ini adalah cross-sectional, dengan jumlah responden 165 yang berasal dari 4 wilayah puskesmas di Kota Pontianak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pekerjaan ibu merupakan satu-satunya faktor yang mempunyai hubungan dengan kunjungan anak balita dan pra-sekolah ke klinik gigi puskesmas di Kota Pontianak. Hampir semua (90,1%) responden belum pernah menerima penyuluhan tentang kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Oleh karena hanya pekerjaan ibu yang mempunyai hubungan bermakna dengan kunjungan anak balita dan pra-sekolah ke klinik gigi puskesmas, maka disarankan agar pendidikan kesehatan gigi dan mulut diberikan melalui kegiatan posyandu, arisan dan kegiatan pengajian pada ibu-ibu yang tidak bekerja, di samping kepada anak balita/pra-sekolahnya sendiri melalui kegiatan upaya kesehatan gigi sekolah di Taman Kanak-kanak. Untuk meningkatkan kunjungan ke klinik gigi puskesmas, koordinasi antara klinik gigi dan klinik KIA di puskesmas dalam penanganan pasien anak balita dan pra-sekolah perlu ditingkatkan. Selain itu saran yang menunjang pelayanan kesehatan gigi dan mulut di puskesmas perlu ditingkatkan, di samping perlu adanya supervisi dan bimbingan teknis secara rutin. Untuk meningkatkan cakupan kunjungan anak balita dan pra-sekolah ke klinik gigi puskesmas di Kota Pontianak, perlu diberikan pendidikan kesehatan gigi bagi kader posyandu, sehingga mereka dapat mempromosikannya pada ibu-ibu balita pengunjung posyandu yang rata-rata tidak bekerja. ......The Factors that Regarding With Under Five and Pre-School Children Visited to Dental Clinic of Public Health Centers at Pontianak City at the year 2000The development of Indonesian community healthy is doing to the whole process of live starting from the pregnancy until the continued ages. Indonesia as development country, even having in every circumstances, is ought to defend the future generation to stay health and reliable. Dental health, as an integral part from the totality human health too that have part to increase the quality and productivity of human sources. The dental health is not an important problem after all, but if the children teeth have damaging, the children surely have the food intake disturbance. The children visited as soon as possible to the dental clinic of the public health center is represent one sample of parent behavior that concerning the teeth and mouth health problem, in this problem a mother position is very decided to the kind of way for their children medication. The Ministry of Health of Indonesia targeting the visiting of under five and pre-school children to the dental clinic of the public health center is 50% from the visiting of under five and pre-school children to the mother and child health clinic of public health center. Based on the data that exist, from 20 public health centers at Pontianak city area at the year 1999, only 5 public health centers reached that target. This research purpose to know any factors that related with the under five and pre-school children visited to the dental clinic of public health center of Pontianak city. According to the Green theory, the factor of the behavior cause is classified to three kinds of factors that is predisposing factor, enabling factor and reinforcing factor. In this research, predisposing factor that wanted to see is the condition of mother sosiodemograph, that is age, education, profession, mother experience having teeth medication, attitude and mother knowledge about teeth and mouth health of their children. The enabling factor is mother perception about the distance to the public health center, and information about dental health that mother ever accepts is the reinforcing factor. The method of this research is cross sectional, with totally 165 respondents that came from 4 different area of public health center at Pontianak city. Almost all (90, 1%) respondent never accept information about teeth and mouth healthy. There for the mother profession that had an important relation with the visited of children under five and pre-school children to the dental clinic of the public health center, so it suggested the information about the teeth and mouth health is giving by the activity of Posyandu, a saving club and the religious recitation activity on not working mother, beside that to the children under five and pre-school children having the dental health activity at the kindergarten. To increase the visiting to the dental clinic of public health center, the coordination between the dental clinic and mother and child clinic at the public health center in handling children under five children patient and pre-school children needed to increase. Besides that the material that supporting the dental health service at the public health service needed to be increase, beside needed the realization of the supervision and the technical guide intensifies. To increase snatch of the under five and pre-school children visiting to the dental health clinic of the public health center at Pontianak city, needed to give the teeth healthy training to the Posyandu cadre, so they can promoted to the baby under five mothers that equally not working.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Perkembangan kognitif manusia mengalami perkembangan yang pesat pada usia 3-5 tahun. Perkembangan kognitif yang terjadi pada rentang usia tersebut antara lain adalah pemahaman mengenai konsep waktu. Dalam kehidupan manusia, perkembangan pemahaman konsep waktu termanifestasi dalam dua bentuk yaitu kemampuan mengingat masa lalu dan memprediksi masa depan, yang disebut dengan Mental Time Travel, dan kemampuan Bahasa khususnya pada pemahaman terhadap temporal term. Kedua kemampuan ini berkembang secara bersamaan sehingga diduga terdapat hubungan antara perkembangan keduanya pada rentang usia 3-5 tahun. Untuk melihat hubungan perkembangan mental time travel dan pemahaman temporal term, dilakukan eksperimen menggunakan box task dan puppet task sebagai alat ukur mental time travel dan empat pertanyaan yang masing-masing memuat 1 jenis temporal term. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa kemampuan mental time travel berhubungan positif dengan pemahaman temporal term ke masa depan, khususnya kata ?nanti? dengan nilai korelasi sebesar 0,232.

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ABSTRACT
Human cognition develops rapidly between the age of 3-5. One of the cognitive ability that develops in that age is the understanding of temporal dimension. In daily life, developmental of temporal dimension understanding manifested in two things, mental time travel ability and language ability especially comprehension of temporal term. Both ability are develop altogether is this developmental period, therefore their development are assumed to be correlated to each other. In order to see how mental time travel ability correlated to comprehension of temporal term, researcher did experiment using box task and puppet task to asses mental time travel ability, and four questions each consists one kind of temporal term. Data analysis shown that mental time travel ability positively correlated to comprehension of temporal term to the future, especially term ?nanti? (later today) with correlation value 0,232.;Human cognition develops rapidly between the age of 3-5. One of the cognitive ability that develops in that age is the understanding of temporal dimension. In daily life, developmental of temporal dimension understanding manifested in two things, mental time travel ability and language ability especially comprehension of temporal term. Both ability are develop altogether is this developmental period, therefore their development are assumed to be correlated to each other. In order to see how mental time travel ability correlated to comprehension of temporal term, researcher did experiment using box task and puppet task to asses mental time travel ability, and four questions each consists one kind of temporal term. Data analysis shown that mental time travel ability positively correlated to comprehension of temporal term to the future, especially term ?nanti? (later today) with correlation value 0,232., Human cognition develops rapidly between the age of 3-5. One of the cognitive ability that develops in that age is the understanding of temporal dimension. In daily life, developmental of temporal dimension understanding manifested in two things, mental time travel ability and language ability especially comprehension of temporal term. Both ability are develop altogether is this developmental period, therefore their development are assumed to be correlated to each other. In order to see how mental time travel ability correlated to comprehension of temporal term, researcher did experiment using box task and puppet task to asses mental time travel ability, and four questions each consists one kind of temporal term. Data analysis shown that mental time travel ability positively correlated to comprehension of temporal term to the future, especially term “nanti” (later today) with correlation value 0,232.]

Abstrak :
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh terapi musik terhadap tingkat nyeri anak usia prasekolah yang dilakukan pemasangan infus. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi quasi eksperimen dengan rancangan Nonequivalent control group, after only design. Terapi musik diberikan 5 menit sebelum pemasangan infus sampai 5 menit sesudah pemasangan infus. Terdapat perbedaan tingkat nyeri yang signifikan antara anak usia prasekolah yang diberikan terapi musik dengan anak usia prasekolah yang tidak diberikan terapi musik saat dilakukan pemasangan infus dengan p value 0,00.

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Music is an effective distraction technique. It has the best influence in a short time. Music reduces the physiological pain, stress and anxiety by distracting someone?s attention from the pain. The objective of this research is to understand the influence of music therapy to pre-school children that having infusion attachment procedure. This research was using quasi experiment with Nonequivalent control group, after only design. Music therapy was given at 5 minutes before the infusion attachment process was started until 5 minutes after the process was done. There was a significant difference of pain level between pre-school children that was having music therapy than they who was not having music therapy during the infusion attachment process.