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Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian interaksi reproduksi orangutan sumatra jantan terhadap betina pasangannya dalam exhibit di Taman Safari Bogor, Jawa Barat. Metode yang digunakan yaitu focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 24 hari dengan total waktu 7.920 menit, dilakukan selama enam hari dalam sepekan. Pengamatan perilaku dimulai pada pukul 09.30--16.00 WIB. Aktivitas interaksi yang diamati berupa perilaku sosial yang bersifat afiliatif dan agonistik, serta perilaku reproduksi meliputi atraktivitas, proseptivitas, dan reseptivitas. Subjek pengamatan yaitu dua individu orangutan sumatra yang berada di dua kawasan berbeda. Kawasan pertama terdapat individu jantan (J1) bersama betina pasangannya dan orangutan anak di Baby Zoo, kawasan kedua terdapat individu jantan (J2) bersama dua betina bunting di Primata Center. Hasil menunjukan proporsi yang berbeda pada perilaku sosial dan perilaku reproduksi pada kedua subjek yang diamati. Pola perilaku sosial pada J1 menunjukan social afiliatif (grooming) menjadi aktivitas tertinggi (40%) sedangkan J2 social afiliatif (approaching) menjadi aktivitas tertinggi (33%). Selama periode pengamatan, perilaku agonistik tidak ditemukan. Individu J1 dan J2 memiliki perilaku reproduksi terbesar adalah atraktivitas, dengan J1 atraktivitas (3%) lebih rendah dibandingkan J2 (14%). Perilaku sosial afiliatif pada individu J1 lebih besar dibanding J2 karena aktivitas grooming yang juga dilakukan kepada anak. Interaksi reproduksi pada J2 lebih besar dibanding J1, karena individu J2 ditempatkan dalam exhibit bersama dua betina pasangannya. Oleh karena itu, interaksi sosial yang dilakukan lebih intensif.

Abstrak :
Sumatran orangutans, found in the Province of Nangroe Aceh Darussalam and North Sumatra Province, are fragmented into four populations. One of these populations exists in Angkola, a forested area located in the southern part of Lake Toba. This population is considered small and narrowly distributed. Our survey shows that individual orangutans appear in and around the Dolok Sibualbuali Nature Reserve. This indicates that orangutans can adapt to fragmented habitats, such as those found near Dolok Sibualbuali Nature Reserve, south of Tapanuli, North Sumatra. The preliminary study was conducted from April 2002 to January 2003. This study recorded the distribution and daily activities of orangutans in Dolok Sibualbuali Nature Reserve. Repeated crisscrossing surveys and focal animal observation were used to document orangutan distribution and daily activity. Human activities are the main factor for the loss of orangutan habitat. Illegal logging, forest conversion for timber concessions and plantations, road construction, and settlement are the main factors for forest loss. This forces orangutans out of their native habitat and makes them vulnerable to extinction. Based on direct sightings, orangutans are found at Aek Nabara and Sitolu. Moreover, the presence of orangutans is indicated by nests at the Sihulambu and Bulu Mario sites. The orangutan population is not evenly distributed but seems to be present at locations with food resources. Seven individuals were chosen as focal animals. They consisted of three adult females, three sub-adult males, and one juvenile. Total observation time was 757 hours and 40 minutes. Feeding, moving, resting, nesting, and social activities were the main activities that were recorded. Orangutans spent their daily activity budgets as follows: feeding (42.29%), moving (16.47%), resting (37.41%), nesting (1.89%), and social contact (1.93%). Orangutans spent much of their time (42.29%) feeding, particularly when food resources were abundant. Due to their large body size, food consumption was high. There are 115 types of orangutan food consisting of fruits (36.6%), flowers (3.89%), leaves (28.33%), bark (17.7%), and pith/stem (11.67%), and other food types (insects, honey, etc.) (1.67%). Fruit is the main source of orangutans' food. We concluded that the distribution and daily activity of orangutans at Dolok Sibualbuali Nature Reserve are greatly influenced by the availability of food, particularly fruit. When favored fruit is abundantly available, orangutans will constantly consume that fruit and visit fruit trees of the same species in other locations. Orangutans will also search for other food in community farms near the Nature Reserve when forest fruit availability is low, leading to conflict with local people.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai respons orangutan (Pongo abelii) betina bunting dan betina dengan anak terhadap jantan berdasarkan perilaku reproduksinya di Taman Safari Bogor, Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi respons orangutan betina bunting dan betina yang memiliki anak terhadap jantan, serta mengetahui perilaku harian pada orangutan betina bunting dan betina dengan anak di kawasan konservasi ex-situ Taman Safari Bogor. Penelitian dilakukan pada dua orangutan sumatra (Pongo abelii) betina matang kelamin, yaitu B1 memiliki anak berumur 4 tahun dan B2 sedang bunting 6 bulan. Pengamatan perilaku harian menggunakan focal instantaneous sampling dengan time point 5 menit dan pengamatan perilaku reproduksi menggunakan metode adlibitum. Hasil menunjukkan perbedaan proporsi perilaku harian. Perilaku harian menunjukkan perbedaan proporsi (P=0,000). Perilaku makan merupakan proporsi tertinggi pada kedua betina. B1 memiliki proporsi makan, bergerak dan sosial yang lebih tinggi, sedangkan B2 memiliki proporsi istirahat yang lebih tinggi. Respons kedua betina terhadap jantan terlihat melalui perilaku atraktivitas, proseptivitas dan resptivitas dengan proporsi yang berbeda (P=0,000). Kedua betina menunjukkan proporsi reseptivitas tertinggi pada perilaku reproduksi, tetapi berdasarkan durasi, reseptivitas B1 lebih rendah dibandingkan B2. Respon B1 terhadap jantan memiliki proporsi yang rendah karena adanya intervensi oleh anaknya. Orangutan B2 teramati menunjukkan perilaku sangat proaktif terhadap jantan dan tidak ada gangguan dari keberadaan betina lain di dalam kandang yang sama.
A study of responses of pregnant and female with the child to males in Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) based on reproductive behavior has been conducted in Taman Safari Bogor, West Java. The aim is evaluating responses of pregnant and the female with a child to males, as well as find out their daily activities under the ex-situ area in Taman Safari Bogor. The subjects are female with a child (4-years old) (B1) and pregnant female (6-months) (B2). The daily activities were observed every 5 minutes by focal instantaneous sampling, whereas reproductive behavior by ad libitum for 5.5 hours a day from October to November 2019. The observation got 8.580 minutes of daily activities and 4.290 minutes of reproductive behavior. The result presented different proportions of the daily activities of both females. Feeding is the highest proportion of their daily activities. The pregnant female (B2) had a higher resting proportion, whereas females with child (B1) had higher proportions of feeding; moving; also socializing. Reproductive behavior presented a different proportion too (P=0,000). Female B1 and B2 have the highest receptivity in reproduction activities, yet based on the duration, B1 receptivity lower than B2. Respons B1 to males was interference by the child. Female B2 has the most proceptivity and not disruption by another female in the same cage.