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"Penghambat pompa proton merupakan golongan obat yang telah banyak digunakan untuk mengobati penyakit-penyakit terkait gastrointestinal. Obat golongan PPI aman dan dapat ditoleransi dengan baik bila digunakan dengan tepat, namun peningkatan penyalahgunaan obat golongan PPI dapat berakibat pada terjadinya luaran terapi yang tidak diharapkan. Evaluasi terhadap penggunaan obat golongan ini perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah obat golongan PPI digunakan sebagaimana mestinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi penggunaan obat golongan PPI dan menilai kerasionalan penggunaannya yang dilakukan secara deskriptif analitik observasional dengan pengambilan data secara retrospektif menggunakan data resep dan rekam medik. Sampel merupakan data pasien di Instalasi Rawat Jalan RSPAD Gatot Soebroto periode Juli 2015 - Desember 2015 yang menerima obat golongan PPI. Analisis dilakukan terhadap 400 jenis terapi obat dari 192 pasien. Aspek kerasionalan penggunaan obat golongan PPI dilihat dari lima aspek ketepatan, yaitu tepat penilaian kondisi pasien, tepat indikasi penyakit, tepat regimen dosis, tepat lama pemberian, dan tepat pemilihan obat. Sebanyak 100% terapi obat golongan PPI masuk ke dalam kategori tepat penilaian kondisi pasien, 79% tepat indikasi penyakit, 79% tepat regimen dosis, 79% tepat lama pemberian, dan 83,75% tepat obat.

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Proton Pump Inhibitor are drugs that have been widely used to treat gastrointestinal related disorders. PPI is safe and well tolerated when used appropriately, but an increased in drug abuse can lead to unwanted outcome therapy. Evaluation of drug using Proton Pump Inhibitor is necessary to know whether PPI used properly. This study aimed to evaluate the use of PPIs and assess the rationalization of its use with observational analitical descriptive with retrospective methode using prescription data and medical records. Samples were data from outpatient at Gatot Subroto Army Hospital in the period of July 2015 - December 2015 that receive PPI. The analysis conducted from 400 therapy (192 patients). Aspects of the rational use of drugs known as PPI seen by five aspects of precision, appropriate condition of patients, appropriate indication, appropriate dosage, appropriate for the duration of PPI use, and appropriate for right medication. Data showed 100% appropriate condition of patients, 79,00% appropriate indication, 79,00% appropriate dosage, 79,00% appropriate for the duration of PPI use, and 83,75% appropriate for right medication."

"Esomeprazol merupakan salah satu obat penghambat pompa proton yang efektif untuk mempertahankan pH lambung. Esomeprazol dibuat dalam bentuk tablet salut selaput sehingga termasuk obat wajib Uji Bioekivalensi menurut Peraturan Kepala Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia tentang Obat Wajib Uji Ekivalensi. Uji Bioekivalensi obat harus menggunakan metode bioanalisis yang tervalidasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode analisis esomeprazol dalam plasma mulai dari kondisi kromatografi optimum, metode preparasi plasma optimum, hingga validasi metode analisis. Kondisi kromatografi optimum adalah kolom C-18 (Waters, SunfireTM 5 µm; 250 x 4,6 mm), suhu kolom 40°C; fase gerak asetonitril - dapar fosfat pH 7,6 (40 : 60 %v/v); laju alir 1,00 mL/menit; detektor photodiode array pada panjang gelombang 300 nm; dan lansoprazol sebagai baku dalam. Preparasi sampel menggunakan metode ekstraksi cair-cair dengan pelarut diklorometan lalu dikeringkan dengan gas nitrogen pada suhu 40°C selama 30 menit; dan direkonstitusi dengan fase gerak sebanyak 100 µL. Hasil validasi terhadap metode analisis esomeprazol yang dilakukan memenuhi persyaratan validasi berdasarkan EMEA Bioanalytical Guideline tahun 2011. Metode yang diperoleh linear pada rentang konsentrasi 5,0 - 450,0 ng/mL dengan r > 0,9997.

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Esomeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor drug that is effective to maintain the pH of the stomach. Esomeprazole was formulated as film coated tablet that includes mandatory drug testing bioequivalence according to Regulation Head of National Agency of Drug and Food of the Republic of Indonesia about Mandatory Drug Testing equivalences. Drug bioequivalence trials should use validated bioanalytical method. This research aimed to develop analytical methods esomeprazole in human plasma from optimum chromatographic conditions, the optimum plasma preparation method, until the validation of analytical methods. The optimum chromatographic condition was obtain using C-18 column (Waters, Sunfire? 5 μm; 250 x 4.6 mm), column temperature 40°C; mobile phase acetonitrile - phosphate buffer pH 7.6 (40: 60% v/v); a flow rate of 1.00 mL/min; photodiode array detector at a wavelength of 300 nm; and lansoprazole as internal standard. Sample preparation using liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane as solvent and then dried with nitrogen gas at a temperature of 40°C for 30 minutes; and reconstituted with mobile phase of 100 mL. The results of validation fulfilled the acceptance criteria of validation method based on EMEA Bioanalytical Guideline 2011. The method was linear at concentration range of 5.0 to 450.0 ng / mL with r > 0.9997."

"[ABSTRAKPenghambat pompa proton (PPP) adalah salah satu contoh obat yang digunakan secara luas di dunia. Efikasi dan profil keamanan yang baik dari PPP berperan dalam terjadinya peresepan berlebihan di fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan. Data terkini menunjukan bahwa PPP berhubungan dengan peningkatan risiko pneumonia nosokomial. Penggunaan PPP intravena yang tidak tepat telah berkontribusi dalam meningkatkan total biaya kesehatan serta mengurangi ketersediaan obat. Penelitian retrospektif observasional ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa total konsumsi PPP, total penggunaan sediaan PPP intravena, ketepatan penggunaan sediaan PPP intravena, ketepatan frekuensi penggunaan PPP, dan kejadian pneumonia nosokomial yang berhubungan dengan obat ini. Data diambil dari rekam medik pasien yang masuk ruang rawat inap Ilmu Penyakit Dalam RSCM selama periode Oktober hingga Desember 2014. Pada penelitian ini, dari 210 pasien yang dievaluasi, terdapat 166 pasien (79%) menggunakan PPP, frekuensi ini lebih tinggi dari yang ditemukan pada rumah sakit di US (40-70%) dan di China (42%). Total konsumsi tercatat sebesar 194.31 defined daily dose (DDD)/ 100 bed-days, jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan yang ditemukan di Irlandia dan India (56.73 dan 128 DDD/ 100 bed-days). Sediaan intravena diberikan pada 87.35% pasien dan hanya 34.48% pasien memiliki indikasi yang tepat. Frekuensi penggunaan diberikan tanpa diturunkan pada beberapa pasien. Persentase pneumonia nosokomial tujuh hingga delapan kali lipat lebih tinggi pada kelompok PPP dibandingkan kelompok non-PPP. Namun, peranan beberapa faktor risiko terhadap terjadinya pneumonia nosokomial tidak dapat disingkirkan.

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ABSTRACTProton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most widely used drugs in the world. The favorable efficacy and safety profile of these drugs has led to their over prescriptions in health care facilities. Recent data, however, has shown that the use of PPIs was associated with the increased risk of nosocomial pneumonia. Inappropriate use of intravenous PPIs has contributed to the increasing of total health cost and also decreasing the source of drugs. This retrospective, observational study was aimed to analyze the total consumption of PPIs, the total use of intravenous PPIs preparations, the appropriateness use of intravenous PPIs preparations, the appropriateness of the frequency of PPIs adminstration, and the occurance of nosocomial pneumonia related to PPIs use. Data were obtained from medical records of patients who came to Internal Medicine Ward RSCM during the period of October to Desember 2014. In this study, out of 210 patients evaluated, 166 patients (79%) used PPIs, the frequency is higher than those in hospitals in the US (40 to 70%) and in China (42%). The total consumption of PPIs was 194.31 defined daily dose (DDD)/ 100 bed-days, which is much higher compared to those in Ireland and India (56.73 and 128 DDD/ 100 bed-days). Intravenous preparations were admistered to 87.35% of patients, among which only 34.48% had been given for appropriate indications. There are no reduced of frequent used in some patients. The frequency of nosocomial pneumonia was seven to eight times higher among patients treated with PPIs compared to those without PPIs. However, the role of some risk factors that may contribute the occurance of nosocomial pneumonia cannot be ruled out.;Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most widely used drugs in the world. The favorable efficacy and safety profile of these drugs has led to their over prescriptions in health care facilities. Recent data, however, has shown that the use of PPIs was associated with the increased risk of nosocomial pneumonia. Inappropriate use of intravenous PPIs has contributed to the increasing of total health cost and also decreasing the source of drugs. This retrospective, observational study was aimed to analyze the total consumption of PPIs, the total use of intravenous PPIs preparations, the appropriateness use of intravenous PPIs preparations, the appropriateness of the frequency of PPIs adminstration, and the occurance of nosocomial pneumonia related to PPIs use. Data were obtained from medical records of patients who came to Internal Medicine Ward RSCM during the period of October to Desember 2014. In this study, out of 210 patients evaluated, 166 patients (79%) used PPIs, the frequency is higher than those in hospitals in the US (40 to 70%) and in China (42%). The total consumption of PPIs was 194.31 defined daily dose (DDD)/ 100 bed-days, which is much higher compared to those in Ireland and India (56.73 and 128 DDD/ 100 bed-days). Intravenous preparations were admistered to 87.35% of patients, among which only 34.48% had been given for appropriate indications. There are no reduced of frequent used in some patients. The frequency of nosocomial pneumonia was seven to eight times higher among patients treated with PPIs compared to those without PPIs. However, the role of some risk factors that may contribute the occurance of nosocomial pneumonia cannot be ruled out., Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most widely used drugs in the world. The favorable efficacy and safety profile of these drugs has led to their over prescriptions in health care facilities. Recent data, however, has shown that the use of PPIs was associated with the increased risk of nosocomial pneumonia. Inappropriate use of intravenous PPIs has contributed to the increasing of total health cost and also decreasing the source of drugs. This retrospective, observational study was aimed to analyze the total consumption of PPIs, the total use of intravenous PPIs preparations, the appropriateness use of intravenous PPIs preparations, the appropriateness of the frequency of PPIs adminstration, and the occurance of nosocomial pneumonia related to PPIs use. Data were obtained from medical records of patients who came to Internal Medicine Ward RSCM during the period of October to Desember 2014. In this study, out of 210 patients evaluated, 166 patients (79%) used PPIs, the frequency is higher than those in hospitals in the US (40 to 70%) and in China (42%). The total consumption of PPIs was 194.31 defined daily dose (DDD)/ 100 bed-days, which is much higher compared to those in Ireland and India (56.73 and 128 DDD/ 100 bed-days). Intravenous preparations were admistered to 87.35% of patients, among which only 34.48% had been given for appropriate indications. There are no reduced of frequent used in some patients. The frequency of nosocomial pneumonia was seven to eight times higher among patients treated with PPIs compared to those without PPIs. However, the role of some risk factors that may contribute the occurance of nosocomial pneumonia cannot be ruled out.]"

"Obat penghambat pompa proton merupakan salah satu obat pengontrol asam lambung yang paling banyak diresepkan. Pemakaian jangka panjang obat penghambat pompa proton berisiko menurunkan kadar magnesium darah hipomagnesemia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai hubungan antara penggunaan obat golongan penghambat pompa proton terhadap dan penurunan kadar magnesium darah pada pasien di RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta. Desain penelitian adalah cross sectional studi komparatif dengan teknik pengambilan sampel consecutive sampling pada bulan Juni sampai Oktober 2016. Penelitian ini membandingkan kadar magnesium darah antara pasien yang menggunakan obat penghambat pompa proton lansoprazole dan omeprazole dengan pasien yang tidak menggunakan penghambat pompa proton. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 184 pasien. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dan rekam medis. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan uji t tidak berpasangan, Mann-Whitney, dan one way ANOVA. Rata-rata kadar magnesium pasien yang menggunakan penghambat pompa proton adalah 2.08 0.21 mg/dL lebih rendah dari yang tidak menggunakan penghambat pompa proton 2.27 0.38 mg/dL dengan nilai p < 0.001 signifikan. Kadar magnesium lebih rendah secara bermakna terjadi pada pasien yang menggunakan penghambat pompa proton lebih dari satu tahun dan yang menggunakan omeprazole p < 0.05.

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Proton pump inhibitors is one of the controller gastric acid medication controllers most widely prescribed. The long term use of proton pump inhibitors has a risks decrease of blood magnesium levels hypomagnesemia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether and to what degree PPI use affects blood magnesium levels. The study design was a cross sectional comparative study with consecutive sampling technique on June to October 2016.

This study compared blood magnesium levels among patients using proton pump inhibitors lansoprazole and omeprazole with patients not taking proton pump inhibitor. The total sample was 184 patients. Collecting data using questionnaires and medical records. Statistical analysis was performed with the unpaired t test, Mann Whitney, and one way ANOVA. The average level of magnesium patient using proton pump inhibitors is 2.08 0.21 mg dL whereas who not taking proton pump inhibitors is 2.27 0.38 mg dL with p 0.001 significant. Levels of magnesium were significantly lower in patients using proton pump inhibitors more than one year and using omeprazole p."

"Perdarahan saluran cerna (PSC) merupakan salah satu komplikasi COVID-19 dengan angka mortalitas yang tinggi, namun hingga kini besaran kasusnya belum pernah dilaporkan di Indonesia. Selain itu, hasil penelitian sebelumnya mengenai faktor yang mempengaruhi kejadian PSC juga masih bervariasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung proporsi kejadian PSC pada COVID-19 serta mendapatkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Penelitian merupakan studi potong-lintang dengan subjek pasien dewasa COVID-19 derajat sedang hingga kritis di RS Rujukan COVID-19 Pertamina Jaya dan RS Darurat Wisma Haji Pondok Gede, Jakarta, selama periode Juni-September 2021. Dari 414 subjek yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi didapatkan kejadian PSC sebesar 17,63%. Mayoritas subjek memiliki komorbid hipertensi (51%), diabetes melitus tipe 2 [DMT2] (43,2%), penyakit serebrokardiovaskular [PSKV] (31,4%), serta riwayat penyakit ulkus peptikum dan PSC sebelumnya (23,9%). Median nilai neutrofil absolut ialah 4.842,5[1.116-70.000], kadar CRP 65,5[9-275] mg/dL, dan kadar D-dimer 890[200-5010] µg/L. Berdasarkan uji bivariat, terdapat tujuh variabel yang bermakna secara statistik, namun pada analisis multivariat generalized linear model menggunakan family regresi Poisson dan fungsi link log dengan robust error variance diperoleh empat variabel akhir yang bermakna secara statistik, yaitu hipertensi (aRR 2,67; IK95% 1,52-4,41; p<0,001), PSKV (aRR 1,90; IK95% 1,27-2,84; p=0,002), terapi kortikosteroid dosis tinggi (aRR 1,82; IK95% 1,22-2,73; p=0,004), dan terapi proton pump inhibitor (PPI) dosis tinggi (aRR 0,41; IK95% 0,27-0,60; p<0,001). Uji Pearson goodness-of-fit menunjukkan nilai p=0,999 dan nilai AUC 0,755 (IK95% 0,694-0,815; p<0,001). Sebagai kesimpulan, proporsi kejadian PSC pada COVID-19 derajat sedang-kritis ialah 17,63 (IK95% 14,1-21,6%). Faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi kejadian PSC ialah hipertensi, PSKV, serta penggunaan kortikosteroid dan PPI.

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Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is a COVID-19 complication with high mortality rate whose magnitude and impact have not been reported in Indonesia. Moreover, the resutls of previous studies on factors influencing GIB in COVID-19 still varied widely. This study aimed to measure the proportion of GIB cases in COVID-19 and investigate the factors influencing GIB in COVID-19. This was a cross sectional study on adults with moderate to critical COVID-19 in Pertamina Jaya Referral Hospital and Wisma Haji Pondok Gede Field Hospital, Jakarta from June to September 2021. We found that out of 414 subjects that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17.63% had cases of GIB. Most subjects had comorbidities, including hypertension (51%), type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM] (43.2%), cerebrocardiovascular disease [CCVD] (31.4%), and history of peptic ulcer and previous GIB (23.9%). Median[min-max] number of absolute neutrohil was 4,842.5 [1,116-70,000], CRP levels was 65.5 [9-275] mg/dL, and D-dimer levels was 890 [200-5,010] ug/L. Bivariate analysis showed that there were seven variables that were statistically significant. However, according to generalized linear model analysis withPoisson regression family and log link function with robust error variance, there were four final variables that were statistically significant. There variabels as follow hypertension (aRR 2.67; 95%CI 1.52-4.41; p<0.001), CCVD (aRR 1.90; 95%CI 1.27-2.84; p=0.002), high dose corticosteroid therapy (aRR 1.82; 95%CI 1.22-2.73; p=0.004), and high dose proton pump inhibitor [PPI] therapy (aRR 0.41; 95%CI 0.27-0.60; p<0.001). Pearson goodness-of-fit test showed p=0.999 and AUC value of 0.755 (95%CI 0.694-0.815; p<0.001). In conclusion, the proportion of GIB incidence in moderate-critical COVID-19 was 17.63% (95%CI 14.1-21.6%). Factors that influence GIB were hypertension, CCVD, the use of corticosteroid, and PPI."