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"Pemilihan adalah proses keputusan penting yang dapat mempengaruhi kehidupan kita secara signifikan. Penghitungan suara di pemilihan tidak bebas dari kesalahan manusia atau kesalahan mesin. Audit berfungsi untuk memverifikasi hasil pemilihan. Sebuah audit dengan batasan risiko memastikan audit memiliki peluang tinggi untuk mengonfirmasikan pemenang yang dilaporkan (jika pemenang yang dilaporkan memang betul) sebagai pemenang sesungguhnya dan mengoreksi hasil pemilihan (jika pemenang yang dilaporkan salah). Ballot-polling Risk-limiting Audits to Verify Outcomes (BRAVO) adalah audit dengan batasan risiko yang menguji sampel per kertas suara individu yang diambil secara acak (dari hasil pemungutan suara). Riset ini mendefinisikan prosedur audit pada pemungutan suara dengan batasan risiko untuk seleksi pemenang Condorcet. Riset ini melakukan eksperimen yang menunjukkan kalau BRAVO bisa digunakan untuk seleksi pemenang Condorcet. Riset ini juga menunjukkan efektivitas dan efisiensi dari prosedur audit. Selain itu, riset ini menunjukkan efek dari batasan risiko dan terhadap banyak kertas suara yang diperlukan di prosedur audit.

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Election is a crucial decision-making process that can affect significantly our lives. The outcome of an election must be accurate. Tallying in election is not free from human errors or machine errors. Therefore, a corrective measure is necessary to verify the election outcome. This is the role of an audit. A risk-limiting audit ensures that the audit has a high chance to confirm a correct reported winner and correct any erroneous reported winner. BRAVO is a risk-limiting audit that examines samples per randomly-drawn individual ballot (ballot-polling). This research defines the ballot-polling risk-limiting audit procedure for the selection of Condorcet winner. This research conducts an experiment that shows BRAVO can be used for the selection of Condorcet winner"

"Serious Human Rights violation in East Timor alleged by HAM Adhoc Jakarta court Attorney where conducted by Police Member (as Defendant) insufficient of evidence, so that the Judge ceremony break free. Serious HAM Collision case that happened before this code of law is invited, formed a HAM Ad hoc Justice after proposed by DPR through President Decision. Crystal clear, Timor Timur case is wight to political aspect compared to legal aspect and competent in consequence terminated.

To terminate various case East Timor, Indonesia Government offer a solution through choice for two options, refuse or accept the autonomy. At May 5'h 1999 in New York, this option is written into an agreement between Indonesia" and Portugal under wings of UN Secretary General. In this agreement, agreed that Indonesia Government hold responsible to keep peace and security in East Timor, to ascertain enforceable opinion determination by fair and peaceful, which free from intimidation, hardness or interference from various parties.

But the effect of determination of this opinion emerging riot as a result of dissatisfy group of pro-autonomy which fail in determination of this opinion. Effect of the riots and incidence, hence Police as law enforcer and protector of society which that moment undertake in East Timor, is blamed and assumed to conduct serious Human Rights violation. To prove that Police have conducted matter alleged, this thesis tried to prove that police have run its duty by answering three following question:

1. What will be Police role in handling riot after polling opinion at the date of 4'h of September 1999 causing killing of a number of people?

2. Operation and security action like what conducted by Police?

3. What is the negative impacts that emerge as effect of action of the operation and security that included in serious Human Rights violation?"

"Kajian ini merupakan analisis psikometrik terhadap urutan pertanyaan kuesioner. Mengenai pengaruh urutan pertanyaan terhadap kecenderungan jawaban respoden. Subyek penelitian adalah sebuah kuesioner jajak pendapat kepuasan publik terhadap kineija pemerintah. Dikaji apakah urutan pertanyaan pada kuesioner tersebut dapat menimbulkan bias pada kecenderungan jawaban responden. Bentuk instrumen adalah kuesioner jajak pendapat dengan jawaban tertutup. Jawaban responden bersifat kategori, mayoritas parameternya adalah kepuasan (puas atau tidak puas). Analisis psikometrik menggunakan pendekatan teori modem (item response theory) melalui analisis DIF. Analisis DIF yang digunakan adalah metode Rasch model. Sebelumnya dilakukan uji validitas terhadap kuesioner dengan menggunakan metode uji first order - confirmatory factor analysis menggunakan perangkat Lisrel. Sementara analisis DIF dilakukan dengan perangkat Quest. Untuk menjelaskan gejala bias yang teijadi digunakan uji signifikansi Chi-Square dengan perangkat SPSS. Dari hasil kajian ini DIF terdeteksi pada tiga dari empat pertanyaan inti. Yang membuktikan bahwa urutan pertanyaan dapat mempengaruhi kecenderungan jawaban responden.

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This is a psychometrics analysis study about questions order. It is about the influence of questions o rder to respond tendency. Subject o f the research is a public opinion satisfaction polling towards government performance. Whether questions order in a questionnaire can cause bias to respond tendency. The instrument is a public opinion polling questionnaire with close ended questions. The answers are categorical, most are people satisfaction (satisfy or dissatisfy). The psychometric analysis is using modern theory (item response theory) by Rasch model DIF analysis. Validity testing is done previously using first order - confirmatory factor analysis with Lisrel software. While DIF analysis is applied by Quest software. Chi-square significance test with SPSS is using to explain why bias is emerged. From the research DIF has been detected in three o f four main questions. It proofs that question order can influence respond tendency."