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"Environmental sustainability and poverty are some of the most important targets in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. However, the relationship between employment and forestry development is unclear, especially when it comes to illegal logging. This study aims to generate projections for forestry and other land use in Indonesia and develop policy scenarios to decrease unemployment and improve environmental sustainability by examining natural forests, logging, forest plantations, ivood-based industries and trade. The study observes the components of natural forest, logging, forest plantation, wood-based industries and trade. The study uses systems dynamic to implement a model of interaction among forest structure industries, actors and their institutions. The study finds that the current practice of forest management will experience growth in employment before it collapses, starting with Riau followed by East Kalimantan and Papua. Massive forest planting will benefit deforested land, but may jeopardize employment and livelihood in community land. Land tenure reform can boost the employment to meet the overall government target on unemployment level of 5.11% in year 2009."

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Sebagai negara kepulauan yang dua pertiga wilayahnya terdiri dari perairan, transportasi laut memiliki peran yang strategis dalam mendukung pembangunan nasional dengan lebih memperhatikan pengembangan industri maritimnya. Perdagangan global menjadikan sektor pelayaran salah satu yang memiliki peran penting. Meningkatnya kebutuhan akan jasa pelayaran juga akan meningkatkan fenomena pemanasan global, termasuk di Indonesia. Emisi karbon dioksida (CO2) dari sektor transportasi laut telah menjadi perhatian para pembuat kebijakan transportasi dan perubahan iklim, termasuk emisi CO2 di pelabuhan yang terus meningkat. Namun, studi yang ada berfokus terutama pada emisi CO2 dari pelayaran kapal, dengan sedikit perhatian pada kapal yang berlabuh di pelabuhan dan penanganan kargo di dalam pelabuhan. Studi ini mengambil sektor transportasi laut di Pelabuhan Indonesia dengan menggunakan bagian dari metodologi System Dynamics. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengkaji dua kebijakan, yaitu penerapan Onshore Power Supply (OPS) dan pemberlakuan pajak karbon, yang bertujuan mengusulkan strategi mitigasi Emisi CO2 di sektor transportasi laut. Dengan demikian, pemodelan simulasi berdasarkan dinamika sistem telah diusulkan untuk membangun model penilaian dan membuat skenario.

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As an archipelagic country with two-thirds of its territory consisting of waters and in line with global trade, Indonesia has made the shipping sector an essential and strategic role in supporting national development by paying more attention to developing its maritime industry. The increasing need for shipping services will also increase the phenomenon of global warming. CO₂ emissions from the marine transportation sector have become a concern for transport policymakers and climate change regarding sustainability issues, including CO₂ emissions in ports which continue to increase due to their significant impact on emerging environmental, social, and economic issues. However, the existing studies focus primarily on CO₂ emissions from shipping, with little attention to vessel berthing in ports and cargo handling in ports. This study takes the sea transportation sector in Indonesian Ports by using the System Dynamics methodology to show the interrelationships between factors. The purpose of this study is to propose a CO₂ emission mitigation strategy and evaluate policies implemented in the marine transportation sector. This study investigates two policies: the implementation of Onshore Power Supply (OPS) and the application of carbon tax. Thus, simulation modelling can build assessment models and create scenarios.

 

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"ABSTRAKPertumbuhan kendaraan meningkat signifikan hingga empat kali lipat membuatpenggunaan bahan bakar meningkat drastis, termasuk subsidi bahan bakar di sektortransportasi darat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh proyeksi jumlahmoda transportasi darat, kebutuhan energi, emisi CO2 yang dihasilkan dan alternatifkebijakan yang efektif untuk mengurangi konsumsi energi dan emisi CO2 di tahun2035. Melihat perubahan penggunaan energi dunia berubah drastis dalam 20 tahun,maka proyeksi dilakukan sampai dengan tahun 2035 dengan asumsi bahwa seluruhvariabel dinilai masih berlaku. Dengan melihat kondisi data yang tersedia,keragaman moda transportasi, jenis kendaraan, efisiensi dan faktor penggeraklainnya maka proyeksi kebutuhan dilakukan dengan pendekatan engineeringeconomicsehingga proyeksi dapat dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan seluruhfaktor dan pengaruh atas simulasi skenario kebijakan dapat terlihat dengan jelas.Dengan melakukan pemodelan energi maka diperoleh proyeksi pertumbuhankendaraan di tahun 2035 meningkat sebesar 158% dibandingkan tahun 2012menjadi 149,2 juta kendaraan dengan kebutuhan energi final sebesar 180,3 juta kiloliter dan emisi CO2 sebesar 423,79 juta ton. Skenario 4 yaitu peralihan modatransportasi pribadi menjadi transportasi masal memberikan penghematan energidan reduksi emisi terbesar dalam periode tahun 2013-2035 yaitu 5,32% dan 5,83%.

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ABSTRACTVehicle growth increased significantly up to fourfold causing the fuel consumptionincreased dramatically including fuel subsidies in the land transportation sector.This study aims to obtain projected number of land transport modes, energydemand, CO2 emissions and effective policy alternative to reduce energyconsumption and CO2 emissions in the year 2035. Because of worldwide energyuse changed dramatically in the past 20 years, the projection is done up to year 2035with assumption that all variables are still considered valid. Considering dataavailability, diversity of transportion modes, type of vehicle, efficiency and otherdriving factors, energy projection is calculated using engineering-economicapproach as the projection can be made by considering all the factors and the impactof the simulated policy scenarios can be seen clearly. The results of energymodeling are as follows: the projected growth of vehicles in year 2035 increasedby 158% over year 2012 to 149.2 million vehicles with the final energyconsumption of 180.3 million kilo liters and CO2 emissions amounted to 423.79million tons. The Scenario 4 which is the switching from personal transportationinto mass transportation policy give the bigest energy savings and emissionreductions in period of 2013-2035 by 5.32% and 5.83%."