Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"The past decade has seen a highly polarized debate concerning the Japanese fiscal system, particularly the role of income tax. Several authors argue that Japanese income tax is grossly unfair to low- and middle-income taxpayers, while others depict it as the most progressive in the industrialized world. Indeed, many critics claim that it is too progressive, and some even denounce it as 'socialist'. What is sorely lacking is an account that places contemporary Japanese taxation, and the larger fiscal system, in a comparative and historical context. That is what this paper offers. We argue that Japan's tax system is neither highly redistributive from the rich to the poor nor vice versa-at least in the traditional way that redistribution is understood in most Westerntax systems. Rather, Japan stands out for the scale of its inter-regional redistribution and the debilitating politico-economic incentives that stem from it."

"ABSTRACTThis study aims to reveal the effects of pressure during cold isostatic pressing (CIP) on the microstructure and optical properties of fluorescent HAp complexes using Raman spectroscopy. Although the microstructure-dependent properties of fluorescent HAp complexes have been reported to improve the antibacterial properties of photocatalyst coating layers, the mechanism behind the changes in the fluorescence properties of highly compressed HAp complex has not yet been unveiled. CIP was successfully used to fabricate fluorescent HAp/amino acid complex, and their fluorescence intensities increased with increasing fabrication pressure. The concentration of amino acid increased proportionally with pressure, which suggests changes in the packing structures of the ligands in the HAp/amino acid complex. Polarized Raman spectroscopy measurements clearly detected ligands normally arranged to the HAp layer under high pressure fabrication conditions, which can provide the tightly packed ligand structure in the HAp/amino acid complex. These tightly packed ligand structure in the HAp/amino acid complex could emit stronger fluorescence owing to the increased density of complexations. This newly found pressure dependency in the optical properties of HAp/amino acid complexes is beneficial for developing biocompatible fluorescence materials or enhancement agents for antibacterial coating layers HAp / coating densification that lead to activate intermolecular interactions and subsequently intensify fluorescence.

---

ABSTRACTPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap efek tekanan selama proses penekanan isostatik dingin pada struktur mikro dan sifat optik fluoresen kompleks HAp dengan menggunakan spektroskopi Raman. Meskipun sifat mikro ketergantungan dari fluoresen kompleks HAp telah dilaporkan yaitu untuk meningkatkan sifat antibakteri lapisan fotokatalis, mekanisme dibalik perubahan sifat fluorosensi dari kompleks HAp yang dilakukan kompresi belum terjawab. CIP berhasil digunakan untuk membuat fluoresen kompleks HAp/asam amino, dan intensitas fluoresensi mereka meningkat dengan meningkatnya penekanan saat fabrikasi. Konsentrasi asam amino meningkat secara proporsional dengan tekanan, yang menunjukkan perubahan dalam struktur pengepakan ligan pada kompleks HAp/asam amino. Pengukuran spektroskopi Raman dengan polarisasi dapat mendeteksi ligan dengan jelas yang biasanya diatur ke lapisan HAp dibawah kondisi fabrikasi tekanan tinggi, yang dapat memberikan struktur ligan yang padat dalam kompleks HAp.asam amino. Struktur ligan yang padat ini dalam kompleks HAp.asam amino dapat memancarkan fluoresensi yang lebih kuat karena meningkatnya kerapatan kompleksasi. Ketergantungan tekanan yang baru ditemukan ini dalam sifat optik kompleks HAp/asam amino bermanfaat untuk mengembangkan bahan fluoresensi biokompatibel atau agen peningkatan lapisan antibakteri."

"Terdepositnya parafin wax dalam minyak mentah dapat menimbulkan gangguan dalam proses produksi minyak mentah, terutama ketika transportasi dalam pipa saluran. Kristal wax ini mengendap di dalam pipa dan akan menghalangi aliran minyak mentah, untuk itu perlu adanya penanganan serius untuk mencarikan solusi atas masalah ini. Salah satu cara penanganan pengendapan wax adalah dengan menambahkan aditif berupa pour point depressant ke dalam minyak mentah. Pada penelitian kali ini, diseleksi 23 jenis pour point depressant (PPD) yang berasal dari berbagai supplier bahan kimia dan diujikan kemampuannya menurunkan pour point dari minyak mentah fraksi berat dari Cilacap. Hasil seleksi didapatkan satu aditif terbaik yaitu dengan kode L, dan dikarakterisasi dengan GCMS dan FTIR didapatkan senyawa campuran alkanol rantai panjang dan naphthalene. Dengan penambahan 5000μL/L, aditif ini mampu menurunkan pour point sampel minyak mentah sebesar 6oC dan dengan penambahan 10000μL/L, mampu menurunkan sebesar 9oC. Untuk mengetahui bagaimana aditif PPD tersebut berinteraksi dengan wax, dilakukan studi dengan mengujinya lewat instrumentasi XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) yang menghasilkan intensitas peak XRD yang menurun seiring penambahan dosis PPD dan instrumentasi CPM (Cross Polarized Microscopy) memperlihatkan bahwa setelah penambahan PPD, wax yang terbentuk saat suhu 30oC lebih sedikit. Kesimpulan didapati bahwa PPD jenis ini mampu teradsorpsi di permukaan wax sehingga menghambat proses kristalisasi wax.

---

The precipitation of paraffinic wax in the crude oil causes a serious problem to the production process of oils, especially in the process of transportation in the pipelines. The deposition of wax in the pipeline trapped out the oil and inhibit the oil to flow. A serious treatment must be applied to solve this problems. One of the method is the addition of additives into the crudes. The additives are named as pour point depressants (PPD). In this research, 1 of the best from 23 pour point depressant additives that come from some chemical suppliers, was selected. The selection is based on their performance to depress the initial pour point of the Cilacap’s heavy crude oil. The PPD with L code was known having the best performance on the crude. This PPD was characterized by FTIR and GCMS, hence obtained the information about this PPD, it is consist of long chain of alkanol and naphthalene. With the dosage of 5000μL/L, this PPD can decrease the pour point as much as 6oC from the initial point, and with the dosage of 10000μL/L, this PPD can decrease as much as 9oC. In order to know how can this type of PPD interact with the wax, studied had been done with XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and CPM (Cross Polarized Microscopy) instrumentation. The increasing dosage of PPD in wax caused the peak intensity of wax in XRD decrease. CPM instrumentation showed that after the addition of PPD, the wax precipated from crude oil decrease significantly on the temperature of 30oC. In conclusion, this type of PPD can interfere the wax crystal growth by adsorption, the adsorption takes place on the surface of wax crystal."

"This paper proposes a compact circularly polarized (CP) tip-truncated triangular patch array that is developed for land vehicle mobile system aiming at communications. The array is constructed by three patches, which its beam pattern can be switched in three 120°-coverage beam in azimuth plane with minimum gain requirement at fixed point of the elevation angle, in order for data communications with the large geostationary satellite can be achieved. The targeted gain is set to be 5 dBic at 48° of the looking angle from the satellite in Kanto area. The patches are fed with proximity feed technique owing to its simplicity and easier installation on the vehicle. The array performance is numerically analyzed with the method of moment (MoM) to clarify the array characteristics. Measurement results are provided to validate the simulated results. The results show that the array meets the specifications at targeted looking angle 48° with the gain is more than 5-dBic for each three-selectable beam in the azimuth plane."

"Antena array mikrostrip dengan polarisasi lingkaran dirancang untuk mendukung generasi masa depan dari sistem komunikasi satelit Quasi ?Zenith pada orbit satelit geosynchronous yang akan diluncurkan pada tahun 2008 oleh negara Jepang. Untuk memperoleh nilai gain tinggi antena dibuat terdiri dari empat elemen dengan bentuk patch radiator segitiga samasisi identik yang disusun seri dengan menggunakan sistem pencatu array linier. Pada penelitian ini substrat yang digunakan TLY-5-0310-CH/CH dengan ketebalan 0,8 mm dan konstanta dielektrik 2,2. Antena dirancang untuk bekerja pada frekuensi quasi zenith, sedangkan untuk merancang ukuran patch radiator model segitiga sama sisi menggunakan analisis teori Cavity Model dengan frekuensi resonansi 2,62 GHz. Untuk sistem pencatuan pada perancangan antena elemen tunggal menggunakan catu coupler hybrid.Konsep antena array merupakan pengembangan dari antena elemen tunggal patch radiator segitiga samasisi dengan hasil polarisasi lingkaran ke arah kiri atau LHCP ( Left Handed Circular Polarized ). Untuk sistem pencatu antena array menggunakan catu tunggal array linier. Antena dirancang melalui proses simulasi dan pengukuran setelah proses pabrikasi.Hasil simulasi dan pengukuran untuk perancangan antenna elemen tunggal diperoleh pergeseran nilai, antara lain : bandwidth return loss sebesar 2,56% , bandwidth VSWR sebesar 0,16% dan bandwidth axial ratio sebesar 0,3% , tetapi masih bekerja pada frekuensi quasi zenith. Untuk perancangan antenna array linier dengan empat elemen hasil simulasi dan pengukuran mengalami pergeseran nilai juga. Hasil simulasi dan pengukuran Bandwidth return loss sebesar 2,87% , bandwidth VSWR sebesar 0,46 % dan bandwidth axial ratio sebesar 0,6 %. Hasil pengukuran parameter gain antenna array diperoleh 10,6 dB mengalami peningkatan sebesar 75 % terhadap antenna alemen tunggal.

---

Array mikrostrip antenna with designed circular polarization to support next generation from Quasi Zenith communication satellite system on geosynchronous orbit to be launched in the year 2008 by Japan. Antenna consisted of four element with form equilateral triangular patch radiator of equal composed by series with using system feeding of linear array. At this research to use TLY-5-0310-CH/CH substrate type has thickness 0,8 mm and dielectrical canstant 2,2. Antenna by design in operation frequency range quasi zenith, for size measure of patch radiator use analysis of theory of Cavity Model. with resonance frequency 2,62 GHz. For the feeding system in design single element antenna with using coupler hybrid. The Concept of array antenna represent development from single element of trilateral patch radiator antenna with result of circular polarization up at left or LHCP ( Left Handed Circular Polarized ). At array antenna using the fed system of array linear. Antenna designed by through process of simulation and measurement after manufacturing process.Result of simulation and measurement for the design single element antenna by obtain the shift value for : return loss bandwidth 2,56% , VSWR bandwidth 0,16% , and axial ratio bandwidth 0,3%, but its operation frequency range in quasi zenith. For the design of array linear antenna of four element having shift value ,too. Result of simulation and measurement for : return loss bandwidth 2,87% , VSWR bandwidth 0,46 % and axial ratio bandwidth 0,6 %. The result measurement of gain parameter of array antenna by obtain 10,6 dB, it?s ascended on single element antenna 75%."