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"Preceding monitoring reports indicated that di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a commonplasticizer, was found in the samples of suspended sediment and water collected from the lowerpart of Chao Phraya River. In this continuing study, the suspended sediment and water samplesfrom the Chao Phraya Delta were collected twice a year in January and July during January 201 1 -July 2013. The analyses were performed for both DEHP and Diethyl Phthalate (DEP). Overallresults showed that concentrations of both DEHP and DEP in the water samples were relativelyhigher than those in the suspended sediment samples. The concentrations of DEHP and DEP fromall sampling periods in the water samples ranged from 1.58 - 27.55 pg/L and from 0.64 - 2.59ug/L, respectively, whereas the concentrations of DEHP and DEP from all sampling periods in thesuspended sediment samples ranged from 0.01 - 26.82 mg/g and from 0.01 - 1.93 mg/g,respectively. The concentrations of both DEHP and DEP in both suspended sediment and watersamples were relatively higher in the samples collected during lower discharge period of the ChaoPhraya River in July. The results indicated that sediment transport system could play an importantrole in the dispersion of both DEHP and DEP. The ecological risk assessment indicated that for thecurrent level of contaminations the risk did not exceed the acceptable level."

"ABSTRAKPlastik sebagai bahan kemasan dan coating mengalami peningkatan global setiap tahun. Ini menimbulkan masalah serius bagi lingkungan karena sulitnya terdegradasi. Salah satu solusi untuk mengatasi masalah limbah plastik adalah penggunaan bioplastik. Untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanik dari bioplastik, biokomposit yang dibuat dengan penambahan aditif dan pengisi tertentu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh Butil Benzyl Phthalate plasticizer BBP dan Seng Oksida ZnO nanopartikel terhadap sifat mekanik dan termal biokomposit selulosa asetat butirat CAB / organoclay.Nanopartikel ZnO disintesis dari prekursor ZnO komersial melalui metode reduksi ukuran sol-gel menggunakan asam sitrat. Seng sitrat dikalsinasi pada suhu 600oC. ZnO nanopartikel dengan ukuran rata-rata 44,4 nm diperoleh pada rasio seng nitrat 1:2 terhadap asam sitrat. Film biokomposit dibuat dengan menggunakan metode solution casting dengan aseton sebagai pelarut. Penambahan plasticizer BBP dan nanopartikel ZnO sebesar masing-masing 30 dan 10 membuat biokomposit memiliki nilai kekuatan tarik 2,22 MPa. Pergeseran nilai suhu transisi gelas Tg selulosa asetat butirat tidak dapat terlihat dikarenakan homogenitas biokomposit saat proses casting.

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ABSTRACTPlastics as packaging materials and coatings have increased globally every year. This poses a serious problem for the environment because of the difficulty to degrade. One solution to overcome the problem of plastic waste is the use of bioplastics. To improve the mechanical properties of bioplastics, biocomposites are fabricated with the addition of certain additives and fillers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of plasticizer Butyl Benzyl Phthalate BBP and Zinc Oxide ZnO nanoparticles to the mechanical and thermal properties of biocomposite cellulose acetate butyrate CAB organoclay.ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized from a commercial ZnO precursor through sol gel method to reduce the size using citric acid. Zinc citrate was calcined at a temperature of 600oC. ZnO nanoparticles with an average size of 44.4 nm were obtained at a mole ratio of zinc nitrate citric acid was 1 2. Biocomposite films were made by solution casting method using acetone as the solvent. The addition of plasticizer BBP and ZnO nanoparticles by 30 and 10 respectively in the biocomposites produced a tensile strength of 2,223 MPa. Shifting value of the glass transition temperature Tg of cellulose acetate butyrate could not been observed due to the homogeneity of the biocomposite during the process of casting."

"The extraction method is cloud point extraction technique by phase separation which gives a convenient, a simple procedure, with minimal solvent usage and only needs a very discrete amount of relatively non-flammable and non-volatile surfactant which is ecofriendly. It has acknowledged usage for the extraction and preconcentration of species of extensively digress character and features likewise metal ions, proteins and other biomaterials, or organic compounds of strongly differing polarity. Here, we address the review about cloud point extraction (CPE) method as well as applications with this methodology to our environmental samples. We also discussed about the advantages, disadvantages and future trends of CPE. This technique received great attention in extraction and preconcentration by application as an isolation and trace enrichment procedure earlier to the analysis of organic compounds (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated compounds, pesticides, phenolic derivatives, aromatic amines, vitamins and polybrominated biphenyl ethers), inorganic compounds and metal (copper, chromium, zinc, cadmium, nickel, cobalt), phthalates and parabens. These techniques are coupled with gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and spectrophotometry."

"Plastik sebagai bahan kemasan dan coating mengalami peningkatan global setiap tahun. Ini menimbulkan masalah serius bagi lingkungan karena sulitnya terdegradasi. Salah satu solusi untuk mengatasi masalah limbah plastik adalah penggunaan bioplastik. Untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanik dari bioplastik, biokomposit yang dibuat dengan penambahan aditif dan pengisi tertentu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh Butil Benzyl Phthalate plasticizer (BBP) dan Seng Oksida (ZnO) nanopartikel terhadap sifat mekanik dan termal biokomposit selulosa asetat butirat (CAB) / organoclay.

Nanopartikel ZnO disintesis dari prekursor ZnO komersial melalui metode reduksi ukuran sol-gel menggunakan asam sitrat. Seng sitrat dikalsinasi pada suhu 600^oC. ZnO nanopartikel dengan ukuran rata-rata 44,4 nm diperoleh pada rasio seng nitrat 1:2 terhadap asam sitrat. Film biokomposit dibuat dengan menggunakan metode solution casting dengan aseton sebagai pelarut. Penambahan plasticizer BBP dan nanopartikel ZnO sebesar masing-masing 30% dan 10% membuat biokomposit memiliki nilai kekuatan tarik 2,22 MPa. Pergeseran nilai suhu transisi gelas (Tg) selulosa asetat butirat tidak dapat terlihat dikarenakan homogenitas biokomposit saat proses casting.

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Plastics as packaging materials and coatings have increased globally every year. This poses a serious problem for the environment because of the difficulty to degrade. One solution to overcome the problem of plastic waste is the use of bioplastics. To improve the mechanical properties of bioplastics, biocomposites are fabricated with the addition of certain additives and fillers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of plasticizer Butyl Benzyl Phthalate (BBP) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles to the mechanical and thermal properties of biocomposite cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) / organoclay.

ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized from a commercial ZnO precursor through sol-gel  method to reduce the size using citric acid. Zinc citrate was calcined at a temperature of 600^oC. ZnO nanoparticles with an average size of 44.4 nm were obtained at a mole ratio of zinc nitrate : citric acid was 1:2. Biocomposite films were made by solution casting method using acetone as the solvent. The addition of plasticizer BBP and ZnO nanoparticles by 30% and 10% respectively in the biocomposites produced a tensile strength of 2,223 MPa. Shifting value of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of cellulose acetate butyrate could not been observed due to the homogeneity of the biocomposite during the process of casting."

"Pengembangan penghantaran tertarget kolon bertujuan agar pelepasan obatnya mencapai target terapetik yang selektif sehingga dapat memaksimalkan efeknya baik dengan tujuan pengobatan secara sistemik maupun lokal. Lactobacillus plantarum FNCC 0461 yang telah dikembangkan dalam bentuk sediaan pelet dapat menjadi alternatif dalam terapi diare yang menjadi salah satu target penyakit dengan pengobatan tertarget kolon. Optimasi formula penyalut dilakukan untuk mendapatkan profil pelepasan obat yang lebih baik berdasarkan parameter persen kumulatif pelepasan probiotik melalui uji disolusi dengan medium yang menyerupai kondisi saluran pencernaan. Pelet yang dilapisi Cellulose Acetate Phthalate (CAP) dengan konsentrasi 5% menunjukkan profil pelepasan obat yang lebih baik dibandingkan konsentrasi 7,5% dan 10% selama pengamatan 24 jam dengan nilai masing-masing sebesar 50,5%; 24,3% dan 18,0%. Nilai tersebut sebanding dengan jumlah sel viabelnya dimana CAP dengan konsentrasi 5% > 7,5% > 10% dengan nilai masing-masing sebesar 3,45±0,520x107; 1,5±2,598x107 dan 1,05±2,598x107. Hasil uji secara in vivo menggunakan hewan uji tikus jantan galur Sprague Dawley menunjukkan bahwa kelompok hewan uji yang mendapat perlakuan sediaan pelet tertarget kolon yang mengandung L.plantarum FNCC-0461 mengalami perbaikan setelah dilakukan induksi E. coli dibandingkan kelompok lainnya. Efektivitas ini dinilai berdasarkan parameter farmakodinamiknya, terutama nilai rata-rata intensitas BAB sebesar 4,67±0,52 kali dengan konsistensi feses berada pada skala 0 (bentuk padat) diakhir pengamatan serta kandungan kadar air sekum rata-rata sebesar 43,52±2,177%. Keberhasilan lain juga terlihat dari perubahan berat badan yang lebih stabil, nafsu makan yang meningkat, nilai total BAL yang lebih tinggi, dan total E. coli yang lebih rendah dari kelompok lainnya. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa formulasi sediaan pelet tertarget kolon dengan konsentrasi CAP 5% yang mengandung L. plantarum FNCC-0461 memiliki efektivitas sebagai antidiare.

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The development of colon-targeted delivery aims to ensure that the drug release reaches selective therapeutic targets so that it can maximize its effects for both systemic and local treatment purposes. Lactobacillus plantarum FNCC 0461 which has been developed in pellet dosage form can be an alternative in diarrhea therapy which is one of the disease targets with colon-targeted treatment. Optimization of the coating formula was carried out to obtain a better drug release profile based on the cumulative percent parameter of probiotic release through a dissolution test with a medium that resembles the conditions of the digestive tract. Pellets coated with CAP (Cellulose Acetate Phthalate) with a concentration of 5% showed a better drug release profile than concentrations of 7.5% and 10% during 24-hour observation with a value of 50.5% each; 24.3% and 18.0%. This value is proportional to the amount of cell viability where CAP with a concentration of 5% > 7.5% > 10% with respective values of 3.45 ± 0.520x107; 1.5±2.598x107 and 1.05±2.598x107. In vivo test results using male Sprague Dawley rat test animals showed that the group of test animals treated with colon- targeted pellets containing L. plantarum FNCC-0461 experienced improvements after E. coli induction compared to other groups. This effectiveness was assessed based on pharmacodynamic parameters, especially the average defecation intensity value of 4.67 ± 0.52 times with fecal consistency being on a scale of 0 (solid form) at the end of the observation and an average cecum water content of 43.52 ± 2.177 %. Other successes were also seen from more stable weight changes, increased appetite, higher total BAL values, and lower total E. coli than the other groups. This research shows that a colon- targeted pellet formulation with a CAP concentration of 5% containing L. plantarum FNCC-0461 has been proven to be effective as an antidiarrheal."

"Pada penelitian ini dikembangkan polimer baru yang akan digunakan sebagai bahan penyalut, yaitu pragelatinisasi pati singkong ftalat (PPSFt). Modifikasi PPSFt dibuat dengan cara gelatinasi sempurna pati singkong, kemudian diesterifikasi dengan asam ftalat anhidrida pada suasana basa. PPSFt selanjutnya dikarakterisasi dan digunakan sebagai bahan penyalut pada tablet salut lapis tipis (TSLT) ekstrak meniran untuk memperbaiki penampilan, menutupi rasa dan bau yang tidak menyenangkan. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan antara lain derajat substitusi (DS), analisis gugus fungsi, sifat termal, kelarutan. Hasil karakterisasinya diperoleh polimer dengan DS 0,054; gugus karbonil ester pada 1716,70 cm-1; temperature glass transition pada 156,58 oC, dapat terdispersi dalam air dingin dibandingkan pati singkong. Tablet inti ekstrak meniran yang telah disalut dievaluasi antara lain kenaikan bobot, keregasan, morfologi permukaan, tebal lapisan dan waktu hancur. TSLT yang telah disalut dengan PPSFt 5% mengalami kenaikan bobot 3,93% dengan keregasan 0,02%. Morfologi permukaan TSLT yang diamati menggunakan scanning electron microscope menunjukkan permukaan yang halus dengan ketebalan lapisan 133-158 μm. TSLT dapat hancur dalam waktu 5,56 + 0,439 menit. Selain memiliki penampilan yang jauh lebih baik daripada tablet inti, bau dan rasa yang tidak menyenangkan dari ekstrak meniran telah tertutupi dengan proses penyalutan tersebut. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa PPSFt dapat digunakan sebagai polimer penyalut.

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This study describes a new approach pregelatinized cassava starch phthalate (PCSPh) as polymer for film-coated tablets (FCT) containing meniran extract. PCSPh was produced by mechanical processing to rupture all parts of granules, and then chemical modification was carried out by substituting phthalate group into starch hydroxyl group. The obtained PCSPh were characterized, including substitution degree (SD), analysis of functional group, thermal properties and solubility.

It was found that SD of PCSPh was 0,054; carbonyl ester at 1716,70 cm-1; temperature glass transition at 156,58 oC and enhancement of cold-water solubility. PCSPh was used as polymer coatings for tablet containing meniran extract for masking unpleasant appearance, odor and taste. The obtained FCT were evaluated, including percentage weight increase, friability, FCT surface, coating thickness and disintegrating time.

The result showed that FCT with PCSPh 5% as polymer coatings had percentage weight increase 3,93% and friability 0,02%. The surface morphology of FCT using scanning electron microscope was smooth and showing 133-158 μm coating thickness. FCT also disintegrated within 5,56 + 0,439 minutes. The result revealed that PCSPh 5% as polymer coatings able to masking unpleasant appearance, odor and taste. We suggests that PPSFt may be considered as polymer coatings for FCT."

"Tablet cepat hancur (TCH) adalah tablet yang didesain untuk segera hancur di rongga mulut tanpa bantuan air sehingga dibutuhkan eksipien penghancur yang sesuai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari karakteristik pragelatinisasi pati singkong ftalat (PPSFt) sebagai penghancur tablet yang digunakan dalam formula TCH. PPSFt merupakan pati yang termodifikasi melalui proses pragelatinisasi sempurna dan esterifikasi dengan asam ftalat anhidrida dalam medium berair. PPSFt yang dihasilkan dikarakterisasi dan diformulasikan menjadi TCH dengan metode kempa langsung. TCH yang dihasilkan dievaluasi dan diuji kesukaan terhadap penampilan, rasa, dan waktu hancur pada 30 orang responden. Hasil karakterisasi PPSFt diperoleh serbuk dengan derajat substitusi sebesar 0,054, memiliki laju alir yang baik, kelarutannya dalam akuades sebesar 680,72 mg/100 ml, dan mampu mengembang sampai 2 kali lipat dalam waktu 2 menit. Evaluasi TCH menunjukkan bahwa formula 4 yang mengandung PPSFt sebesar 40% memiliki kriteria yang baik sebagai tablet cepat hancur. Formula 4 memiliki kekerasan 2,71 Kp, keregasan 0,82 %, waktu hancur in vitro 47,77 detik, dan waktu pembasahan 113,59 detik. Hasil uji kesukaan menunjukkan 86,67% reponden menyukai penampilan , 83,33% responden menyatakan rasanya manis, dan rata-rata waktu hancur TCH di rongga mulut responden 54,87 detik. Oleh karena itu, PPSFt dapat digunakan sebagai eksipien penghancur pada tablet cepat hancur.

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Fast disintegrating tablets (FDT) are solid dosage forms which disintegrate in the patient?s mouth rapidly without the need of water thus FDT?s need appropriate disintegrant excipient. The aim of this study was to study pregelatinized cassava starch phthalate?s (PCSPh) characteristics as tablet disintegrant to be applied in FDT?s formulas. PCSPh produced by gelatinization and esterificaton of cassava starch using phthalate anhydride in aqueous medium. PCSPh was characterized and then formulated into FDT using direct compresion method. The obtained FDT were evaluated. FDT?s hedonic responses to appearance, taste, and disintegration time in oral cavity of 30 renponders were tested. The results showed that substitution degree of PCSPh was 0.054, had good flow rate, solubility in aquadest was 680.72 mg/100 ml, and 2 fold swelled in 2 minutes. The FDT?s evaluation showed that formula 4 containing 40% of PCSPh had the best characteristic as FDT. Formula 4 exhibited 2.71 Kp of hardness, 0.82% of friability, 47.77 seconds of in vitro disintegration time and 113.59 seconds of wetting time. The hedonic test results showed that 86.67% and 83.33% responders like the appearance and taste, respectively. FDT?s disintegration time in responders oral cavity was 54.87 seconds. Therefore, PCSPh may be used as an disintegrant excipient in FDT."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperluas pemanfaatan pati sebagai eksipien penyalut enterik dan film transdermal melalui pembuatan PPSFt (pragelatinisasi pati singkong ftalat) dengan cara gelatinisasi dan esterifikasi menggunakan ftalat anhidrida dalam suasana basa dan medium berair. PPSFt yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi derajat subtitusi (DS), gugus fungsi, sifat termal, dan kelarutannya. PPSFt yang dihasilkan memiliki DS 0,0541 dan lebih larut pada medium basa. Tablet inti ketoprofen dibuat dengan metode granulasi basah kemudian disalut dengan larutan 5% penyalut PPSFt (F1), PPSFt-HPMCP 4:1 (F2) and PPSFt­ HPMCP 3:2 (F3) hingga kenaikan bobot tablet sekitar 6%. Tablet salut tersebut menunjukkan penampilan, kekerasan, dan keregasan yang baik. Tablet salut F2 dan F3 tidak hancur selama 1 jam dan tidak melepaskan ketoprofen lebih dari 10% selama dua jam dalam medium asam (pH 1,2). Film transdermal PPSFt menunjukkan sifat mekanis yang baik, termasuk ketahanan pelipatan, elongasi dan kekuatan peregangan. Uji disolusi in vitro menunjukkan pelepasan ketoprofen dari seluruh formula film 71,78 - 107,07 % dalam waktu 4 jam melalui mekanisme difusi terkendali. Uji penetrasi in vitro menunjukkan bahwa penetrasi ketoprofen dari film sebanyak 72,77- 108,04% dalam waktu delapan jam dengan kecepatan penetrasi 0,865 - 2,311 mglcm 2.jam. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa PPSFt merupakan eksipien yang baik untuk digunakan sebagai penyalut tablet enterik dan pembentuk film transdermal.

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This present study was intended to expand utilization of starch as enteric-coating and transdermal film-forming excipient by producing pragelatinized cassava starch phthalate (PCSPh) from gelatinitation and esterification process using phthalic anhydride in base condition of aqueous medium. The obtained PCSPh was characterized, including degree of substitution (DS), functional group, thermal properties and solubility. The produced PCSPh possessed DS of 0,0541 and higher solubility in base medium. Core tablets of ketoprofen were prepared by wet granulation method and then coated with coating solution, containing 5% of PCSPh (F1), PCSPh-HPMCP 4:1 (F2) and PCSPh-HPMCP 3:2 (F3), until the increasing weight of tablets were up to 6%. The coated tablets possessed good appearance, hardness and friability. Tablets F2 and F3 were also remain undisintegrated for 1 hour and retain the dissolution of ketoprofen less than 10% for two hours in acid medium (pH 1,2).

Transdermal film which were produced from PCSPh showed good mechanical properties, including folding endurance, elongation and tensile strenght. The in-vitro drug release study showed that 71,78 - 107,07% of ketoprofen has been released from transdermal film in 4 hours by diffusion-controlled mechanism. In-vitro penetration study showed that 72,77 - 108,04% of ketoprofen able to penetrate through skin membran with the flux of 0,865-2,311 mg/cm2.hour. Therefore, it can be concluded that PCSPh had good characteristics to be applied as excipient for enteric-coated tablet and transdermal film."