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"Phenomenological sociology emphazing the subjective of excisting phenomena which is from the seen social fact there is something urge individual to take action for something that he believe that is right. The phenomena does not refer to the society in general, but refer to individual which sees human as a group of individual which has different character as well as has different perception, attention, also interpretation. For example the movement of Al-Qiyadah Al-Islamiyah and Ahmadiyah Al-Qadiyan."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami Spektrum Autistik (SA) dengan menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi. Untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang holistik digunakan studi kasus. Selanjutnya, grounded theory digunakan untuk mengembangkan suatu model teoretis untuk menjelaskan SA. Data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dari berbagai sumber, yaitu individu SA yang mampu berkomunikasi secara verbal, otobiografi, film, dan pengalaman pribadi peneliti. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara, observasi, dan analisis teks. Hasil penelitian disajikan berdasarkan empat taraf pada manusia yaitu taraf sensorik, kognitif, emosi dan interaksi interpersonal, dan agama.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum gangguan integrasi sensorik merupakan penyebab utama masalah tingkah laku pada individu SA. Sebagian besar simtom autistik adalah usaha mereka untuk beradaptasi dengan dunia luar. Pada taraf kognitif, hampir seluruh individu SA mengalami kesulitan pada komunikasi verbal. Namun demikian biasanya mereka memiliki keunggulan pada bidang tertentu seperti menggambar, musik, puisi dan matematika. Masalah sensorik juga mempengaruhi kondisi emosional dan interaksi. Mereka cenderung mengalami emosi yang intens dan kesulitan dalam memahami interaksi sosial yang dinilai kompleks. Inidividu SA juga kesulitan dalam memahami agama, terutama ikatan emosional dengan Tuhan.

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The purpose of this study was to understand the Autistic Spectrum (AS) by using phenomenology method. Case study was used to achieve a holistic understanding of the AS and grounded theory was used to develop a theoretical model in the explanation of AS. The data were collected from various sources: AS individuals who can communicate verbally, autobiographies, films, and experience of the researcher. Data collection method used were interviews, observations, and text analysis.Research results were delivered based on human development levels: sensory, cognitive, emotional and social interaction, and religious level. In general, sensory integration dysfunction are the main cause of AS behavioral problems. Many of autistic symptoms are usually their effort to adapt with the outside world. On a cognitive level, most AS individuals experience difficulties in verbal communication, but they usually have potential in a specific area such as drawing, music, poetry, and math. The sensory impediments also influence their emotional state and interactions. They tend to experience intense emotional state and find social interactions difficult to comprehend because of its complexity. AS individuals also find religion is difficult to understand, especially the emotional bond with God."

"ABSTRAKDengan telah ditandatanganinya perjanjian perdagangan bebas dan telah diratifikasi oleh Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, industri konstruksi nasional Indonesia akan semakin terancam, apabila tidak segera melakukan perbaikan-perbaikan yang mendasar. Pada saat ini Industri Konstruksi Nasional masih belum benar-benar siap dalam menghadapi perdagangan bebas dan globalisasi, karena masih rendahnya daya saing, yang ditunjukkan oleh masih rendahnya produktifitas Industri Konstruksi. Melihat kenyataan ini dirasa perlu untuk mencari sebab-sebab mengapa produktifitas industri konstruksi tersebut masih rendah, kemudian dicarikan jalan agar produktifitas tersebut dapat meningkat. Untuk mencari jawaban atas pertanyaan tersebut maka dilakukan penelitian ini. Definisi masalah dilakukan dengan penelitian exploratory menggunakan sarana-sarana wawancara naratif dan statistik deskriptif serta statistik interferensi. Pada penelitian kedua pemodelan dilakukan dengan menggunakan Soft System Dynamic Methodology dan untuk mengestimasi parameter digunakan metoda Structural Equation Modeling, yang juga digunakan untuk melakukan confirmatory factor analysis. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa sebuah hasil produksi berasal dari sarana produksi yang terdiri dari: ketersediaan teknologi, sumber daya manusia, tenaga kerja dan peralatan. Unsur-unsur ini terpadu dan bekerja sama untuk menghasilkan hasil produksi. Pertanyaan berikutnya adalah dari mana sebenarnya datangnya sarana produksi tersebut, hal tersebut ditentukan oleh arah investasi yang dilakukan oleh para pelaku industri, dan bagaimana pelaku industri menentukan keputusan investasi tersebut, hal ini akan tercermin pada rencana strategis masing-masing perusahaan. Apakah ia akan cenderung untuk lebih meningkatkan kemampuan dalam bidang pemasaran atau lebih meningkatkan kemampuan dalam pelaksanaan pekerjaan atau lebih meningkatkan kemampuan dalam bidang keahlian teknis tertentu atau lebih kepada penyediaan peralatan konstruksi. Dalam penentuan strategi ini para pelaku akan mempertimbangkan kondisi lingkungan industri, kondisi persaingan, besarnya pasar, kemudahan masuk ke dalam industri dan biaya transaksi ekonomi didalam industri tersebut. Biaya transaksi ekonomi dan kemudahan masuk industri disebabkan oleh kondisi sosial dan politik serta kondisi ekonomi dan tingkat penerapan ekonomi pengetahuan serta kinerja ekonomi dimana industri tersebut berada. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua tahap penelitian yakni: pertama penelitian untuk menetapkan definisi masalah dan kedua penelitian untuk membangun model. Akar masalah sebenarnya ada pada kurang efektifnya kontribusi tenaga ahli dan managerial, produksi konstruksi lebih dominan dihasilkan oleh tenaga kerja langsung dan peralatan konstruksi. Para pelaku sendiri dalam menginterpretasikan usaha industri konstruksi ternyata lebih mementingkan manfaat jangka pendek dari pada jangka panjang. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa mementingkan manfaat jangka pendek kurang menguntungkan bagi peningkatan produktifitas industri konstruksi nasional berkesinambungan, dibandingkan dengan memperhatikan manfaat jangka panjang.

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ABSTRACTndonesia has become a member of World Trade Organization since 1996, this membership has been ratified by the parliament. Indigenous Indonesian Construction Industry will face a problem if they are not prepared to face this new situation. Due to its low competitiveness, to enable the indigenous construction industry, it is necessary to address the root of the cause. This research therefore was conducted to find the solution for this prolem and to indicate what were the root cause of the problem and to attack them as sson as possible. According to M. Porter the source of competitiveness is productivity. Productivity of construction industry can be calculated from production volume divided by the number of total construction workforce. The research were conducted in two steps, the purpose of the first step is to determine the problem of the Indonesian construction industry, within the context, the purpose of the second research is to build a soft system dynamics model, where parameters were calculated using structural equation modeling in order to simulate the construction aggregate productivity. Secondary data were collected from various sources such as World Bank Institute, Freedom House, International Corruption Watch, UNDP, Indonesian Bureau of Statistics and Bank Indonesia. Primary data were collected from Indonesian Construction Industry Players through a series of surveys. The findings of the study is that the production of construction industry can be calculated from the production function coined by Cobb Douglass, wherein parameters of the workforce and capital, that were appropriated from value shared for each of the variables. The parameter of available workforce and construction capital were determined by the investment strategy intention of industry players. Investment decision is determined during the course of strategic planning. The decision making choices were to invest in human resource for marketing and engineering, project management or in skill labour or in construction equipment. Which will be determined or at least influenced by the business environment like governance. As defined by the World Bank Institute the determining factors were: voices and accountability, political stability, effectiveness of the government, rules of laws, quality of rules, and control of coruption. Beside those factors, the industry players should also consider their perception on market size, the time horizon in which they will consider for strategic planning horizon, and severity of competition which will be determined by entry regulation, and transaction cost economy. Final results of the study are : Higher Educated Human Resources in construction industry are not effectively supporting the productivity of the industry, Indonesian Construction Industry Players tend to consider short term benefit than long term sustainability and growth, strategic planning time horizon contribute significantly in long term productivity, it is indicated that Indonesian Contractors are more involve in simple construction activities than the sophisticated ones. Therefore it is suggested that to improve productivity of Indonesian construction industry, There are several step to be taken: Orientation toward long term growth and planning horizon, marketing orientation toward more spohisticated project, empowerment of institution for collaboration in construction industry should be initiated, effective utilization of educated and skilled construction workers.."