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Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Pestisida nabati berbasis minyak atsiri (essential oils) dapat dijadikan alternatif sebagai protektan tanaman terhadap serangan hama. Senyawa eugenol dalam minyak atsiri cengkeh menunjukkan beberapa aktivitas sebagai insektisida, anti jamur dan anti bakteri, namun bersifat sensitif terhadap degradasi oleh cahaya, panas, oksigen dan masa simpan yang pendek jika disimpan dalam kondisi tidak tepat. Enkapsulasi senyawa eugenol dirasa sangat penting untuk melindungi senyawa yang sensitif dari degradasi, menutupi sifat yang tidak diinginkan dari suatu senyawa, mengurangi kerugian akibat penguapan, mencegah terjadinya ikatan atau interaksi dengan komponen matriks lainnya dan memfasilitasi pelepasan yang terkontrol pada kondisi yang diiinginkan sehingga sesuai untuk dijadikan formula pestisida nabati. Proses optimasi nano enkapsulasi minyak cengkeh menggunakan Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Central Composite Design (CCD) digunakan untuk mempelajari pengaruh konsentrasi cengkeh, buffer fosfat dan kalsium klorida terhadap loading capacity dan efisiensi enkapsulasi produk nano-cengkeh. Persamaan kuadratik terhadap respon loading capacity didapatkan Y= 60,46+ 7,06A + 6,81B - 0,088 C ?2,26AB + 1,75AC + 2,49BC ? 4,99A2 ? 2,39B2 -2,36C2 , dan terhadap respon efisiensi enkapsulasi Y= 57,65 - 20,67A ? 1,13B + 10,68 C ?5,32AB + 13,59AC + 0,65BC ? 1,00A2 + 11,85B2 -0,50C2. Optimasi variabel bebas untuk mendapatkan kondisi optimal respon loading capacity dan efisiensi enkapsulasi berturut-turut sebesar 64,67% dan 79,64% dengan volume cengkeh , fosfat dan kalsium masing-masing sebesar 9,82 ; 75 dan 18 ml. Diameter rata-rata nanocengkeh terbaik yang didapatkan 179,83 nm. Dari uji sitotoksisitas dengan Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) didapatkan data LC50 minyak cengkeh tanpa enkapsulasi sebesar 7,35 ppm (konsentrasi eugenol 4,445 μg/ml) sedangkan sediaan nanocengkeh sebesar 11,50 ppm (konsentrasi eugenol 0,264 μg/ml ) menunjukkan secara statistik efek enkapsulasi berbeda sangat signifikan terhadap kematian larva Artemia salina Sp. dibandingkan tanpa enkapsulasi dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%.

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ABSTRACT
Essential oils based pesticides can be used as an alternative as crop protectant against pests. Eugenol in clove essential oil showed some activity as insecticides, anti-fungal and antibacterial but it is sensitive to degradation by light, heat, oxygen and short shelf life when stored in improper conditions. Encapsulation of eugenol was considered very important to protect sensitive compound from degradation, covering undesirable properties, reducing losses due to evaporation, prevent bonding or interaction with other matrix components, and facilitate the controlled release conditions, so meet the requirement of a plant based pesticides. Optimization process of nano encapsulation of clove oil extract using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Central Composite Design (CCD) employed to study the effect concentration of clove oil, phospat buffer and calcium chloride on the loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of nano-clove product. Quadratic equation of the loading capacity response was obtained Y= 60,46+ 7,06A + 6,81B - 0,088 C ?2,26AB + 1,75AC + 2,49BC ? 4,99A2 ? 2,39B2 -2,36C2, dan encapsulation efficiency response was obtained Y= 57,65 - 20,67A ? 1,13B + 10,68 C ?5,32AB + 13,59AC + 0,65BC ? 1,00A2 + 11,85B2 -0,50C2. Optimization of independent variables to obtain optimum conditions loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency response respectively for 64.67% and 79.64% by volume clove oil, phospat buffer and calcium chloride respectively 9.82; 75 and 18 ml. The average diameter of the obtained nano-clove was 179.83 nm. The cytotoxicity assay using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) LC50 data obtained, clove oil without encapsulation was 7.35 ppm (eugenol concentration 4.445 μg/ml), while preparations nano-clove was 11.50 ppm (eugenol concentration 0.264 μg/ml) showed that a statistically encapsulation effects different very significantly on mortality of larvae Artemia salina Sp. compared without encapsulation with a confidence level of 95%., Essential oils based pesticides can be used as an alternative as crop protectant against pests. Eugenol in clove essential oil showed some activity as insecticides, anti-fungal and antibacterial but it is sensitive to degradation by light, heat, oxygen and short shelf life when stored in improper conditions. Encapsulation of eugenol was considered very important to protect sensitive compound from degradation, covering undesirable properties, reducing losses due to evaporation, prevent bonding or interaction with other matrix components, and facilitate the controlled release conditions, so meet the requirement of a plant based pesticides. Optimization process of nano encapsulation of clove oil extract using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Central Composite Design (CCD) employed to study the effect concentration of clove oil, phospat buffer and calcium chloride on the loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of nano-clove product. Quadratic equation of the loading capacity response was obtained Y= 60,46+ 7,06A + 6,81B - 0,088 C –2,26AB + 1,75AC + 2,49BC – 4,99A2 – 2,39B2 -2,36C2, dan encapsulation efficiency response was obtained Y= 57,65 - 20,67A – 1,13B + 10,68 C –5,32AB + 13,59AC + 0,65BC – 1,00A2 + 11,85B2 -0,50C2. Optimization of independent variables to obtain optimum conditions loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency response respectively for 64.67% and 79.64% by volume clove oil, phospat buffer and calcium chloride respectively 9.82; 75 and 18 ml. The average diameter of the obtained nano-clove was 179.83 nm. The cytotoxicity assay using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) LC50 data obtained, clove oil without encapsulation was 7.35 ppm (eugenol concentration 4.445 μg/ml), while preparations nano-clove was 11.50 ppm (eugenol concentration 0.264 μg/ml) showed that a statistically encapsulation effects different very significantly on mortality of larvae Artemia salina Sp. compared without encapsulation with a confidence level of 95%.]

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Pestisida nabati berbasis minyak atsiri essential oils dapat dijadikan alternatif sebagai protektan tanaman terhadap serangan hama. Senyawa minyak atsiri cengkeh terbukti memiliki kemampuan insektisida, anti jamur dan anti bakteri. Namun, minyak atsiri menunjukkan volatilitas yang tinggi, dan cepat kehilangan aroma mereka ketika terkena atmosfer dan sensitif terhadap degradasi cahaya, panas, oksigen, serta memiliki masa simpan yang pendek. Enkapsulasi adalah teknik yang efektif digunakan untuk merancang produk dengan sifat pelepasan terkontrol yang memperpanjang fungsi produk minyak atsiri, sehingga dapat memberi perlindungan, mengurangi penguapan serta degradasi. Enkapsulator yang digunakan ialah misel kasein yang merupakan major protein dalam susu yang murah dan mudah didapatkan bersifat sangat stabil non-toksik, biokompatibel serta biodegradable. Dengan volume optimal cengkeh, buffer fosfat, dan CaCl2 sesuai penelitian sebelumnya, dengan pengeringan mini spray dry, diperoleh loading capacity 57,27 dan efisiensi enkapsulasi 87,99 . Uji toksisitas akut pada Apis mellifera diperoleh 4.06907 ppm pada LD50-24 dan 4.00512 ppm pada LD50-48 pada tingkat kepercayaan 95.

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ABSTRACT Biopesticides essential oil based can be used as a protective alternative to pest attacks. Clove essential oil proven have the ability of insecticides, anti fungal and antibacterial. However, essential oils exhibit high volatility, and rapidly lose their compound when exposed to the atmosphere and are sensitive to the degradation of light, heat, oxygen, and have a short shelf life. Encapsulation is an effective technique used to design products with controlled release properties that extend the functionality of essential oil products, thus providing protection, reducing evaporation and degradation. The encapsulators used are casein micelles which are major proteins in milk which are cheap, easy to obtain, highly stable, non toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable. With the optimal volume of cloves, phosphate buffer, and CaCl2 according to the previous research, with mini spray dry, acquired loading capacity 57.27 and encapsulation efficiency 87.99 . Acute toxicity test on Apis mellifera was obtained 4.06907 ppm at LD50 24 and 4.00512 ppm at LD50 48 at 95 confidence level.