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Abstrak :
Tujuan: Mendeskripsikan inequality dalam perceived need dan utilisasi pelayanan kesehatan gigi dan mulut di Indonesia tahun 1993-2014. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik deskriptif dengan desain cohort menggunakan data sekunder dari Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) pada tahun 1993-2014 (n = 122.575). Analisis deskriptif, penghitungan Concentration Index (CI) dilakukan untuk melihat inequality pada pelayanan kesehatan gigi dan mulut dengan berbagai karakteristik sosiodemografi penduduk Indonesia pada tahun 1993-2014. Hasil: Dari total keseluruhan responden IFLS 1-5, terdapat 12,86% individu yang memiliki perceived need dan hanya 23,13% individu yang melakukan utilisasi. Kemudian pada hasil analisis concentration index (CI) dari perceived need bernilai negatif pada IFLS 1 (CI = -0,006), IFLS 4 (CI = -0,014), dan IFLS 5 (CI = -0,004) sehingga mengindikasikan adanya signifikansi pro-poor inequality dalam perceived need dan bernilai positif pada IFLS 2 (CI = 0,02) dan IFLS 3 (CI = 0,015) sehingga mengindikasikan adanya signifikansi pro-rich inequality dalam perceived need. Sedangkan pada hasil analisis concentration index (CI) dari utilisasi bernilai positif pada IFLS 1 (CI = 0,111), IFLS 3 (CI = 0,092), IFLS 4 (CI = 0,94), dan IFLS 5 (CI = 0,249) sehingga mengindikasikan adanya signifikansi pro-rich inequality dalam utilisasi pelayanan kesehatan gigi dan mulut bernilai negative pada IFLS 2 (CI = - 0,008) sehingga mengindikasikan adanya signifikansi pro-poor inequality dalam utilisasi pelayanan kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa masih terdapat inequality dalam perceived need dan utilisasi pelayanan kesehatan gigi dan mulut di Indonesia pada tahun 1993-2014. ......Objectives: Describe the inequality in perceived need and utilization of dental and oral health services in Indonesia in 1993-2014. Method: This research is a descriptive analytic study with a cohort design using secondary data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) in 1993-2014 (n = 122.575). Descriptive analysis, calculating the Concentration Index (CI) was carried out to see the inequality in dental and oral health services with various sociodemographic characteristics of the Indonesian population in 1993-2014. Result: Of the total IFLS respondents 1-5, there are 12.86% individuals who have perceived need and only 23.13% individuals who do utilization. Then the results of the concentration index (CI) analysis of perceived need are negative at IFLS 1 (CI = -0.006), IFLS 4 (CI = -0.014), and IFLS 5 (CI = -0.004), indicating a significant pro-poor inequality. in perceived need and has a positive value in IFLS 2 (CI = 0.02) and IFLS 3 (CI = 0.015) thus indicating a significant pro-rich inequality in perceived need. While the results of the concentration index (CI) analysis of utilization are positive at IFLS 1 (CI = 0.111), IFLS 3 (CI = 0.092), IFLS 4 (CI = 0.94), and IFLS 5 (CI = 0.249) thus indicating the significance of the pro-rich inequality in the utilization of dental and oral health services is negative in IFLS 2 (CI = -0.008), thus indicating a significant pro-poor inequality in the utilization of dental and oral health services. Conclusion: Based on this research, it shows that there is still inequality in the perceived need and utilization of dental and oral health services in Indonesia in 1993-2014.

Abstrak :
Perkembangan e-wallet sebagai salah satu jenis teknologi finansial terpopuler di Indonesia kian meningkat. Saat ini, e-wallet telah berinovasi dengan menciptakan layanan premium demi memenuhi kebutuhan pengguna akan aplikasi pembayaran digital yang memfasilitasi beragam transaksi keuangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi niat untuk melakukan peningkatan ke layanan premium e-wallet menggunakan value-based adoption model (VAM) dan theory of planned behavior (TPB) dengan efek moderasi perceived need. Penelitian ini menerapkan mixed-method approach dengan pendekatan kualitatif menggunakan metode wawancara untuk mengidentifikasi variabel-variabel benefits dan sacrifices pada model penelitian serta pendekatan kuantitatif menggunakan kuesioner online. Analisis data kualitatif dilakukan menggunakan thematic analysis, sedangkan analisis data kuantitatif dilakukan menggunakan metode covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) dengan data survei yang terkumpul dari 690 pengguna e-wallet di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa value-added services, economic value, perceived privacy risk, dan fear of excessive spending berpengaruh terhadap perceived value. Namun, procedural cost tidak memengaruhi perceived value. Kemudian, perceived value ditemukan berpengaruh terhadap attitude dan intention to upgrade ke layanan premium e-wallet. Dari ketiga konstruk TPB, hanya subjective norm yang memengaruhi intention to upgrade. Selain itu, pengaruh perceived value terhadap intention to upgrade ditemukan lebih tinggi pada pengguna dengan perceived need rendah. Penelitian ini memperdalam pengetahuan dalam konteks e-wallet dan mobile payment dengan memperkenalkan layanan premium serta memberikan perspektif bagi penyedia e-wallet mengenai pengembangan aplikasi. ......The development of e-wallets as one of the most popular financial technologies in Indonesia is increasing. E-wallet has innovated by creating premium services to meet user needs for digital payment applications that facilitate various financial transactions. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the intention to upgrade to premium e-wallet services using value-based adoption model (VAM) and theory of planned behavior (TPB) with perceived need as a moderating effect. This study applies a mixed-method approach with a qualitative approach using interview to identify the variables of benefits and sacrifices in the research model and a quantitative approach using an online questionnaire. Qualitative data analysis was performed using thematic analysis, while quantitative data analysis was performed using the covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) method with survey data collected from 690 e-wallet users in Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that value-added services, economic value, perceived privacy risk, and fear of excessive spending affect the perceived value. However, procedural cost does not affect the perceived value. Furthermore, perceived value was found to have an effect on attitude and intention to upgrade to premium e-wallet services. Among the three TPB constructs, only subjective norms affect the intention to upgrade. In addition, the effect of perceived value on intention to upgrade was found to be higher for users with low perceived need. This research deepens knowledge in the context of e-wallet and mobile payment by introducing premium services and provides perspectives for e-wallet providers regarding the application development.

Abstrak :
Tujuan: Mendeskripsikan tren angka unmet need untuk utilisasi pelayanan kesehatan gigi dan mulut di Indonesia tahun 1993-2014. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik deskriptif dengan desain cohort menggunakan data sekunder dari Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) gelombang 1-5 yaitu tahun 1993-2004 (n=122.575). Analisis deskriptif dilakukan pada perceived need dan juga utilisasi untuk mendapatkan proporsi dari keduanya dan mendapatkan variabel unmet need serta regresi logistik untuk melihat hubungan antara perceived need, unmet need, dan utilisasi pelayanan kesehatan gigi dan mulut dengan berbagai karakteristik sosiodemografi penduduk Indonesia pada tahun 1993-2014. Hasil: Hanya sebanyak 12.86% penduduk Indonesia yang memiliki perceived need  untuk pelayanan kesehatan gigi dan mulut dan hanya 15.13% yang melakukan utilisasi pelayanan kesehatan gigi dan mulut pada tahun 1993-2014 yang kemudian dari keduanya didapatkan hasil bahwa 76.87% penduduk yang memiliki kebutuhan akan perawatan gigi dan mulut tidak mendapatkan perawatan yang mereka butuhkan (unmet need). Hasil dari regresi logistik menunjukkan kemungkinan terjadinya unmet need yang signifikan pada responden berusia 45-59 tahun, berpendidikan kurang dari pendidikan dasar (<9 tahun), bekerja, dan tidak memiliki jaminan kesehatan pada tahun 1993-2014. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa proporsi unmet need di Indonesia pada tahun 1993-2014 masih cukup tinggi. ......Objectives: Describe the trend of unmet need for utilization of dental and oral health services in Indonesia in 1993-2014. Method: This research is a descriptive analytic study with a cohort design using secondary data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) waves 1-5, 1993-2004 (n=122.575). Descriptive analysis was carried out on perceived need and also utilization to get the proportion of both and obtain the unmet need variable and logistic regression to see the relationship between perceived need, unmet need, and utilization of dental and oral health services with various sociodemographic characteristics of the Indonesian population in 1993-2014. Result: Only 12.86% of Indonesia's population who has perceived need  for dental and oral health services and only 15.13% were doing utilization of dental and oral health services in the year 1993 to 2014 which then of the two showed that 76.87% of the population who have a need for dental and oral care do not get the care they need (unmet need). The results of the logistic regression showed the significant possibility of unmet need on respondents aged 45-59 years, educated less than basic education (<9 years), worked, and did not have health insurance in 1993-2014. Conclusion: This study shows that the proportion of unmet needs in Indonesia in 1993-2014 is still high.