Gangguan Pemusatan Perhatian dan Hiperaktivitas (GPPH) merupakan gangguan psikiatri yang paling sering ditemui pada anak-anak dengan gejala-gejala dalam memusatkan perhatian dan/atau aktivitas/ implusivitas berlebih. Hingga saat ini, pasien yang didiagnosis dan mendapat perawatan GPPH lebih banyak pada kelompok usia sekolah dibanding kelompok pra sekolah. Belum ada penelitian di Indonesia tentang penanganan dini GPPH pada kelompok pra sekolah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan kelompok usia diagnostik dengan lama perbaikan klinis GPPH anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode cross-sectional dengan mengamati rekam medis pasien GPPH murni dari dua kelompok usia diagnostik, yang datang dan melakukan kontrol di Poliklinik Jiwa Anak-Remaja RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) dalam kurun waktu 1 Januari 2014 – 1 Januari 2018, didapatkan 99 sampel. Angka perbaikan klinis GPPH murni di RSCM secara keseluruhan adalah 47,5% (n = 99), terdiri dari 51,5% kelompok usia pra sekolah (n=33) dan 45,5% kelompok sekolah (n=66). Rata-rata waktu perbaikan klinis secara keseluruhan adalah 4.44 minggu. Dalam penelitian ini, tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara kelompok usia diagnostik pra sekolah dan sekolah dengan lama perbaikan klinis GPPH (P = 0,67). Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut yang mempertimbangkan kepatuhan minum obat dan latar belakang keluarga pasien.
Attention-Deficit/Hiperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder that is most often encountered in children with symptoms in focusing attention and / or excessive activity / implusivity. Until now, patients were diagnosed and received ADHD treatment more in the school age group than in the pre-school age. There has been no research in Indonesia about early treatment of ADHD in pre-school groups. The aim of this study was to determine the association between diagnostic age groups and the duration of ADHD clinical improvement. This study used a cross-sectional method by observing medical records of pure ADHD patients from two diagnostic age groups, who came and conducted control at Poliklinik Jiwa Anak-Remaja RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) within 1 January 2014 - 1 January 2018, obtained 99 medical records. The overall clinical improvement of ADHD in the RSCM as a whole was 47.5% (n = 99), consisting of 51.5% of the pre-school age group (n = 33) and 45.5% of the school group (n = 66). The average time for overall clinical improvement was 4.44 weeks. In this study, there was no significant relationship between diagnostic age groups (pre-school and school) and the duration of ADHD clinical improvement (P = 0.67). Further research is needed that considers medication adherence and family background in patients.
Pada penelitian ini didapatkan 107 penggunaan antibiotik empiris. Hasil uji sensitivitas kuman pada pasien yang mendapatkan antibiotik empiris menunjukkan bahwa Klebsiella pneumonia dan Acinetobacter sp. adalah kuman yang paling banyak ditemukan, dengan tingkat sensitivitas yang rendah terhadap antibiotik di bawah 40% pada sebagian besar hasil uji sensitivitas kuman. Didapatkan jumlah kesesuaian antibiotik empiris dengan hasil uji sensitivitas kuman lebih tinggi pada kategori tidak sesuai sebanyak 62,62% (n=67). Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kesesuaian hasil uji sensitivitas kuman dengan perbaikan klinis pada pasien (p<0,05). Analisis multivariat menunjukkan kesesuaian penggunaan antibiotik empiris dengan hasil uji sensitivitas memiliki signifikansi secara statistik terhadap perbaikan klinis (OR 5,26 (1,46-18,95), p = 0,011).
Penggunaan antibiotik empiris di ruang rawat intensif sebagian besar tidak sesuai dengan hasil uji sensitivitas kuman. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kesesuaian hasil uji sensitivitas kuman dengan perbaikan klinis pada pasien. Temuan ini menegaskan pentingnya pemilihan antibiotik empiris yang tepat berdasarkan pola kuman dan hasil uji sensitivitas kuman untuk meningkatkan efektivitas perawatan di ruang rawat intensif.
Infections are a serious and common complication in patients in hospital intensive care units. Patients in intensive care often experience critical conditions and immunosuppression, making them vulnerable to various infections, including those caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Often, the cause of the infection cannot be immediately identified, necessitating the administration of empirical antibiotics, where antibiotics are given based on clinical experience and knowledge of the most likely involved pathogens. This study aims to determine the pattern of pathogens and the appropriateness of empirical antibiotic administration with the results of pathogen sensitivity tests, as well as to analyze the relationship between the appropriateness of pathogen sensitivity test results and clinical improvement in patients receiving empirical antibiotics in the intensive care unit of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital for the period of 2022.
This study is an observational cross-sectional research on the use of empirical antibiotics in intensive care patients at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital during the 2022 period. The data collected were medical record data of patients treated in the intensive care unit from January to December 2022, consisting of the Adult ICU (Kanigara) and the Emergency Department ICU of RSCM. Clinical improvement after the administration of empirical antibiotic therapy was assessed from the decrease in leukocyte count, the decrease in procalcitonin levels, and the improvement of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) within 0-48 hours after the empirical antibiotics were discontinued. Bivariate analysis was performed using the Chi-Square Test, with a significance value of p<0.05. Multivariate analysis was performed on confounding factors using Logistic Regression Test.
In this study, 107 uses of empirical antibiotics were found. Pathogen sensitivity tests in patients receiving empirical antibiotics showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter sp. were the most commonly found pathogens, with a low level of sensitivity to antibiotics below 40% in most pathogen sensitivity test results. In addition, the number of appropriate empirical antibiotics with the results of pathogen sensitivity tests was higher in the inappropriate category by 62.62% (n=67). There was a significant relationship between the appropriateness of pathogen sensitivity test results and clinical improvement in patients (p<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed statistical significance (OR = 5,26 (1,46-18,95), p-value = 0.011).
The use of empirical antibiotics in the intensive care unit was mostly not in accordance with the results of pathogen sensitivity tests. There was a significant relationship between the appropriateness of pathogen sensitivity test results and clinical improvement in patients. These findings affirm the importance of selecting the appropriate empirical antibiotics based on the pattern of pathogens and the results of pathogen sensitivity tests to enhance the effectiveness of care in the intensive care unit.