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Abstrak :
This is the first comprehensive study of the system of literary patronage in early modern England and it demonstrates that far from declining by 1750 - as many commentators have suggested - the system persisted, albeit in altered forms, throughout the eighteenth century. Combining the perspectives of literary, social and political history, Dustin Griffin lays out the workings of the patronage system and shows how authors wrote within that system, manipulating it to their advantage or resisting the claims of patrons by advancing counterclaims of their own. Professor Griffin describes the cultural economics of patronage and argues that literary patronage was in effect always 'political'. Chapters on individual authors, including Dryden, Swift, Pope and Johnson, as well as Edward Young, Richard Savage, Mary Leapor and Charlotte Lennox, address the author's role in the system, the rhetoric of dedications and the larger poetics of patronage.

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ABSTRACT
This article discusses clientelism practice as a political machine to mobilise supports for the candidates of district head who were trapped in a corruption case. This research especially intended to answer the question why the incumbent candidate of district head who had become the suspect of cases of corruption, still got relatively significant votes. Although the incumbent failed to win in the pilkada (the election of the district head), the votes that they got became the reason to uncover the redistribution and infrastructure strategy that was used to muffle the image of the incumbent as a corrupt politician. The findings of this research indicated that supporting political parties used the corruption case as a momentum to change the pattern of clientelism, by transforming the personal loyalty to the party loyalty. The political party institutionally took a role as a patron, so that the personal dependency to the elites decreased, but also was directed to a wider variation of the use of public resources for the sake of mobilising support. By using this strategy the coalition of political party in tim sukses maintained their solidarity as well as redeveloped the patron structure that was weakened by corruption cases. The strategy change used by tim sukses in framing the corruption issues indicated the work of clientelism networking tojustgy the new construction about corruption cases done by the incumbents, so that the incumbents remained able to get votes although they had been considered as the suspects in those cases.

Abstrak :
Tesis ini memodifikasi penelitian Fraser, Zhang, dan Derashid (2006) yang berjudul ?Capital Structure and Political Patronage: the Case of Malaysia.? Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah adanya politik patronase di dalam struktur dewan perusahaan dapat meningkatkan kemampuan perusahaan untuk berhutang lebih. Penelitian ini mendeteksi adanya politik patronase di dalam perusahaan dengan adanya hubungan mantan menteri, mantan staf ahli kementerian, purnawirawan (baik TNI maupun Polri), relasi pejabat, dan/atau relasi bisnis di dalam struktur dewan perusahaan. Secara mengejutkan, adanya politik patronase pada Dewan Komisaris perusahaan akan mengurangi leverage perusahaan walaupun pada Dewan Direksi akan semakin meningkatkan leverage. Struktur kepemilikan, praktik tata kelola perusahaan, ukuran perusahaan, aset tetap, tingkat profitabilitas, dan kesempatan investasi memiliki pengaruh signifikan pula terhadap keputusan struktur modal perusahaan yang memiliki informasi patron. Selain itu, ditemukan juga bahwa majority shareholders atau komisaris sebagai political executive akan meningkatkan kemampuan perusahaan untuk berhutang lebih. ......This thesis is modifying research done by Fraser, Zhang, and Derashid (2006) named ?Capital Structure and Political Patronage: the Case of Malaysia.? This research aims to find out whether the presence of political patronage in the board could enhance the firm?s ability to carry more debt in its capital structure. The political patronage is detected by the presence of ties between the former ministers, the former ministry expert staff, the former high-rank military/police officers, the family of officials, and/or the business relation in the board. Surprisingly, the presence of political patronage on the board of commissioners may reduce debt despite the presence of it on the board of directors may increase the debt. Ownership structure, good corporate governance, firm size, fixed asset, profitability, and investment opportunities had significant impacts to decisionmaking process related with the capital structure of companies that had those patrons. In addition, the result also shows that majority shareholders or commissioners as a political executive will enhance the firm?s ability to carry more debt in its capital structure.

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Desentralisasi telah membuka kesempatan investor luar negeri memasukkan modalnya untuk mengembangkan sektor industri setalah adanya kesepakatan pasar bebas. Pengambilan kebijakan pembangunan ekonomi berbasis sumber daya alam oleh pemerintah daerah mendorong masyarakat untuk menambang secara bebas dan masif, yang diikuti dengan tata kelola pertambangan mineral timah yang buruk. Beberapa kajian industri ekstraksi terbagi dua perspektif, yaitu perspektif institusional dan perspektif ekonomi politik. Perspektif institusional lebih menekankan pada tata kelola sumber daya alam yang baik dan rente ekstraksi pada kelembagaan. Sedangkan, perspektif ekonomi politik menekankan kelas penguasa mengakses dan mengontrol sumber daya alam yang diikuti perilaku rente ekstraksi. Penelitian ini menggunakan perspektif ekonomi politik dari konsep Veltmeyer dan Petras tentang ekstraktivisme baru. Penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang penetrasi modal ekstraksi dalam penambangan timah dengan peran jaringan patronase kolektor timah dalam proses akumulasi kapital dan menjelaskan bentuk lainnya dari konflik sumber daya alam. Dengan mengacu studi kasus penelitian di Kabupaten Bangka terkait penambangan timah, peneliti berargumen ekstraktivisme baru dalam penambangan timah semakin berkembang dikarenakan adanya dukungan modal esktraksi yang disebarluaskan oleh elit industri kepada jaringan kolektor timah, yang diikuti dengan konflik kepentingan terhadap penguasaan sumber daya mineral timah oleh elit industri. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara mendalam, kajian literature dan data sekunder. Informan penelitian ini adalah kolektor timah, pengusaha timah dan smelter, pemilik dan penambang tambang inkonvensional, Walhi, Jatam, peneliti ahli dan ASN Kabupaten Bangka.

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ABSTRACT
Decentralization has opened up the opportunities for foreign investors to devote their capital for developing industrial sector after the free market agreement. The adoption of natural resource-based economic development policies by local governments encourages people to mine freely and massively, that followed by poor mining management of ton minerals. A number of studies on extractive industries are categorized into two perspectives, namely institutional perspective, and political economy perspective. Institutional perspectives emphasizing on natural resource governance and the existence of rent in the institutional governance system. Meanwhile, the political economy perspective tend to focus on how the ruling class accessing and controlling natural resources followed by the act of extraction rent. This study uses a political economy perspective from the Veltmeyer and Petras concepts of new extractivism. This study explains the capital penetration on tin mining with the role of the patronage network of tin collectors in the process of capital accumulation and explains the other forms of natural resource conflict. By using case studies in Bangka Regency related to tin mining, this study argues that new extractivism in tin mining is increasingly developing due to the support of extractive capital that is disseminated by the industrial elite to the tin collector network, followed by conflicts of interest over the control of tin mineral resources by industrial elite. This research uses qualitative case study method. Data collection techniques used observation, in-depth interviews, literature review, and secondary data. Informants of this study ranging from tin collectors, tin entrepreneurs and smelters, owners and miners of unconventional mines, Walhi Bangka Belitung, JATAM, expert researchers and Bangka Regency Civil State Apparatus.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Desentralisasi telah membuka kesempatan investor luar negeri memasukkan modalnya untuk mengembangkan sektor industri setalah adanya kesepakatan pasar bebas. Pengambilan kebijakan pembangunan ekonomi berbasis sumber daya alam oleh pemerintah daerah mendorong masyarakat untuk menambang secara bebas dan masif, yang diikuti dengan tata kelola pertambangan mineral timah yang buruk. Beberapa kajian industri ekstraksi terbagi dua perspektif, yaitu perspektif institusional dan perspektif ekonomi politik. Perspektif institusional lebih menekankan pada tata kelola sumber daya alam yang baik dan rente ekstraksi pada kelembagaan. Sedangkan, perspektif ekonomi politik menekankan kelas penguasa mengakses dan mengontrol sumber daya alam yang diikuti perilaku rente ekstraksi. Penelitian ini menggunakan perspektif ekonomi politik dari konsep Veltmeyer dan Petras tentang ekstraktivisme baru. Penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang penetrasi modal ekstraksi dalam penambangan timah dengan peran jaringan patronase kolektor timah dalam proses akumulasi kapital dan menjelaskan bentuk lainnya dari konflik sumber daya alam. Dengan mengacu studi kasus penelitian di Kabupaten Bangka terkait penambangan timah, peneliti berargumen ekstraktivisme baru dalam penambangan timah semakin berkembang dikarenakan adanya dukungan modal esktraksi yang disebarluaskan oleh elit industri kepada jaringan kolektor timah, yang diikuti dengan konflik kepentingan terhadap penguasaan sumber daya mineral timah oleh elit industri. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara mendalam, kajian literature dan data sekunder. Informan penelitian ini adalah kolektor timah, pengusaha timah dan smelter, pemilik dan penambang tambang inkonvensional, Walhi, Jatam, peneliti ahli dan ASN Kabupaten Bangka.

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ABSTRACT
Decentralization has opened up the opportunities for foreign investors to devote their capital for developing industrial sector after the free market agreement. The adoption of natural resource-based economic development policies by local governments encourages people to mine freely and massively, that followed by poor mining management of ton minerals. A number of studies on extractive industries are categorized into two perspectives, namely institutional perspective, and political economy perspective. Institutional perspectives emphasizing on natural resource governance and the existence of rent in the institutional governance system. Meanwhile, the political economy perspective tend to focus on how the ruling class accessing and controlling natural resources followed by the act of extraction rent. This study uses a political economy perspective from the Veltmeyer and Petras concepts of new extractivism. This study explains the capital penetration on tin mining with the role of the patronage network of tin collectors in the process of capital accumulation and explains the other forms of natural resource conflict. By using case studies in Bangka Regency related to tin mining, this study argues that new extractivism in tin mining is increasingly developing due to the support of extractive capital that is disseminated by the industrial elite to the tin collector network, followed by conflicts of interest over the control of tin mineral resources by industrial elite. This research uses qualitative case study method. Data collection techniques used observation, in-depth interviews, literature review, and secondary data. Informants of this study ranging from tin collectors, tin entrepreneurs and smelters, owners and miners of unconventional mines, Walhi Bangka Belitung, JATAM, expert researchers and Bangka Regency Civil State Apparatus.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variabel Citra Mal terhadap variabel mall attitude, mall patronage dan word of mouth communication. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode kuantitatif melalui survei responden untuk pengumpulan data. Responden pada penelitian ini merupakan pengunjung Mal Kelapa Gading. Pengumpulan data dianalisis dengan menggunakan structural equation model dengan perangkat lunak LISREL 8.5. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa citra mal berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap mall attitude, mall patronage dan word of mouth communication. Penelitian ini membuktikan citra mal memengaruhi positif signifikan terhadap mall attitude sebesar 94%, mall patronage sebesar 41% dan word of mouth communication sebesar 81%.

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This study aimed to investigate the impact of mall image to mall attitude, mall patronage and word of mouth communication. The respondents were Mal Kelapa Gading shopper. The type of research used was the quantitative study and the data collected by survey. Data analysis method used were structural equation modelling with LISREL 8.5 software. The result of this research indicated that there were impacts of mall image measure significantly predict three endogenous variables. Mall image has a significantly positive influence on mall attitude, mall patronage and word of mouth communication. Taken together, these results suggest that mall image is an important predictor of mall attitude explaining at average about 94%, mall patronage about 41% and word of mouth communication about 81%. This research was expected for retail companies to fully understand the importance of mall image in competitive positioning and the components of store image.

Abstrak :
Perilaku variety seeking merupakan salah satu hal yang perlu diperhatikan oleh para pelaku bisnis industri foodservice namun menjadi suatu hal yang tidak terelekkan untuk dilakukan pelanggan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat kecenderungan perilaku pelanggan, khususnya pelanggan kedai kopi waralaba internasional untuk melakukan variety seeking terhadap kedai-kedai kopi asal lokal melalui pengaruh kejenuhan, persepsi mengenai kualitas dan kepuasan yang dirasakan. Responden dari penelitian ini adalah orang-orang yang berlangganan salah satu merk kedai kopi waralaba internasional dan berkunjung ke kedai kopi tersebut setidaknya dalam dua minggu terakhir. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis deskriptif, crosstab, ANOVA, dan Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh positif terjadi antara kejenuhan dan persepsi kualitas pelanggan terhadap makanan/minuman dan kepuasan tidak memiliki pengaruh terhadap perilaku variety seeking atau dengan kata lain variety seeking akan tetap dilakukan oleh pelanggan-pelanggan yang telah merasa puas dengan kedai kopi langganannya. ......Variety Seeking Behavior is one thing that needs to be concerned about in foodservice industry because it is inevitably committed on any food consumers. This study aims to see the inclination of such consumer behavior, especially on how international-chained coffee shop patrons seeking the variety towards local coffee shops by the effect of satiation, perceived quality, and satisfaction. Respondents of this research are those who have patronized on one particular international-chained coffee shop brand and who have had a visit on the coffee shop in the last two weeks. Descriptive analysis, crosstab, ANOVA, and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) were employed for data analysis. The result of this research show that the positive effect occurs between food/beverage satiation and both perceived quality and satisfaction have no effect on variety seeking behavior where variety seeking will still be performed by patrons on satisfied patrons.

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The representation of womens interest through women Members of Parliament (MPs) is achieved if there is a connection between constituents and parliamentarians. In order to be able to establish cooperation, it requires a deep understanding of their behavior. This study reveals the variety of relationships and political economic affiliations that surround women MPs. The relationship has been built since the nomination period to become a member of parliament, which in turn raises various interests and pressures that women parliamentarians must respond to. By understanding the various interests and pressures faced by women MPs, civil society can design action plans that trigger positive responses so as to minimize the potential risks.

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This paper deals with the politics of patronage and piety in local elections by examining the role of and dilemma faced by Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), the largest Muslim organisation in Indonesia, in a local electoral competition. Focusing on the 2017 local election in Brebes, Central Java, this article conjirms previous scholarly works findings of widespread patronage distribution and the impact of rising religious conservatism on electoral competition. However, this papershows that piety and patronage politics neither necessarily maintain oligarchic rule nor provoke intolerance and violence. The case of the electoral competition in Brebes reveals that IslamiC organizations in Indonesia are not immunejrom electoral politic, and due to institutional weaknesses of most political parties in Indonesia, will likely remain important political players by mobilizing support in elections at both the local and national lewd. In a broader context, Islamic mobilization in local elections in Indonesia helps understand the emergence of pious democracy in democratic Muslim-majoniy countries.