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"ABSTRAKBioetanol merupakan bahan bakar alternatif yang dianggap paling menjanjikan di masa depan karena bioetanol merupakan bahan bakar yang ramah lingkungan. Pada prosesnya, etanol yang dihasilkan memilki kadar 30-40% v/v. Sehingga dengan begitu etanol masih membutuhkan proses pemurnian. Salah satu metode pemurnian yang dapat digunakan adalah adsorpsi, karena adsorpsi menggunakan adsorben komposit, proses regenerasi adsorben dilakukan juga. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui kinerja adsorben setelah dilakukan beberapa kali regenerasi. Dengan adsorben komposit yang digunakan PVA : Zeolit : Karbon aktif (1:1:1), berdasarkan hasil penelitian kinerja adsorben ditinjau berdasarkan adsorpsi efektif, waktu penetrasi, dan kapasitas adsorpsi. Dari hasil penelitian dengan kandungan etanol masuk 96%, adsorben yang baru 1 kali regenerasi memiliki nilai adsorpsi efektif dan kapasitas adsorpsi sebesar 320 menit dan 49,748 mg/ 100 g adsorben sedangkan pada kandungan masuk etanol 88% adsorben yang baru 1 kali regenerasi memiliki nilai adsorpsi efektif dan kapasitas adsorpsi sebesar 270 menit dan 158,5320 mg/ 100 g adsorben, dan semakin sering dilakukan proses regenerasi kinerja adsorben akan semakin turun. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa proses regenerasi adsorben terhadap kinerja adsorben akan semakin turun sejalan dengan proses regenerasi yang dilakukan.

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ABSTRACTBioethanol is an alternative fuel that is considered the most promising in the future because bioethanol is an environmentally friendly fuel. In the process, the ethanol produced has 30-40% v / v levels. So that ethanol still needs a refining process. One of the purification methods that can be used is adsorption, because adsorption uses composite adsorbents, the regeneration process of the adsorbent is also done. This study was aimed at knowing the performance of the adsorbent after several regenerations. With composite adsorbent used PVA: Zeolite: Activated carbon (1: 1: 1), based on the results of the research the performance of the adsorbent was reviewed based on effective adsorption, penetration time, and adsorption capacity. From the results of research with 96% ethanol content, the adsorbent which has only 1 time regeneration has an effective adsorption value and adsorption capacity of 320 minutes and 49.748 mg / 100 g of adsorbent whereas in the content of 88% ethanol adsorbent which has only 1 time regeneration has an effective adsorption value and the adsorption capacity of 270 minutes and 158.5320 mg / 100 g of the adsorbent, and the more frequent the regeneration process of the adsorbent performance will decrease. It can be concluded that the regeneration process of the adsorbent to the performance of the adsorbent will decrease further along with the regeneration process carried out.

 

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"Oven merupakan salah satu alat yang kritis dalam menunjang pembuatan produk injeksi steril, sehingga harus dilakukan kualifikasi kinerja untuk membuktikan oven dapat bekerja dengan baik sesuai dengan parameter yang ditentukan. Tujuan dari kualifikasi kinerja Oven D-08 ini adalah untuk mengkaji hasil data kualifikasi kinerja Oven D-08 dengan lima parameter pengujian di Fasilitas Injeksi Hormon (Kelas C) PT. Harsen Laboratories. Parameter pengujian yang dilakukan ada lima, yaitu uji kebocoran, prerun and postrun calibration, distribusi panas dalam keadaan kosong, distribusi panas dan penetrasi panas dengan muatan, dan uji nonviable particle. Hasil pengujian kebocoran didapatkan bahwa asap smoke pen tidak tertarik kedalam celah pintu chamber yang menunjukkan bahwa tidak ditemukan kebocoran pada oven. Hasil pengujian prerun dan postrun yang didapatkan adalah selisih suhu deviasi maksimum dan minimum tiap suhu setting prerun dan postrun tidak melebihi dari 0,5 oC, pengujian distribusi dan penetrasi panas mendapatkan selisih suhu tertinggi dan suhu terendah tiap percobaan tidak melebihi dari 15 oC dan hasil rata-rata lethality > 40 menit. Pengujian Endotoxin Challenge Vial mendapatkan hasil bahwa penurunan jumlah endotoksin tidak kurang dari 3 log atau 1000 EU pada tiap lokasi thermocouple dan pengujian nonviable particle mendapatkan hasil bahwa jumlah partikel yang terdapat dalam oven tidak melebihi dari persyaratan partikel kelas A. Seluruh hasil pengujian telah memenuhi kriteria keberterimaan. Oven D-08 yang terletak di Fasilitas Injeksi Hormon telah terkualifikasi dan terbukti dapat bekerja dengan baik.

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Oven is one of cricital equipments in manufacturing of sterile injection product, so it need to be qualified with performance qualification to ensure oven can perform well within the specified parameters. Purpose from performance qualification of Oven D-08 is to review the data results of Oven D-08’s performance qualification with five testing parameters in Hormone Injection Facility (Class C) PT. Harsen Laboratories. There are five testing parameters carried out, they are leak test, prerun and postrun calibration, heat distribution in empty state, heat distribution and heat penetration with load, and nonviable particle test. Results of leak test found that the smoke pen was not attrached into the gap in the chamber door, indicating that no leaks were found in the oven. Results of prerun and postrun tests obtained were the difference in maximum and minimum temperature deviation for each prerun and postrun setting temperature did not exceed 0,5°C, heat distribution and penetration tests obtained that the difference in the highest and lowest temperatures for each experiment are not exceeding 15°C and the average results – average lethality > 40 minutes. Endotoxin Challenge Vial test resulted in a decrease in the amount of endotoxin not less than 3 log or 1000 EU at each thermocouple location and the nonviable particle test resulted that the number of particles contained in the oven did not exceed the requirements for class A particles. All test results met the acceptance criteria. Oven D-08 located in the Hormone Injection Facility has been qualified and proven to work properly."

"In this research, we studied the preparation of nanochitosan from the addition of potassium persulfate as an initiator for monomer polymerization and monocarboxylic acid—namely acetic acid, lactic acid, and formic acid—to a chitosan solution. To obtain the dried form of chitosan nanoparticles, we investigated the effects of oven and spray drying systems toward the physicochemical properties and morphology of chitosan nanoparticles. Successfully prepared chitosan nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (FESEM-EDX), and a particle size analyzer (PSA). The structures of nanochitosan prepared in different acids were quite similar based on the FTIR spectra. By increasing the concentrations of potassium persulfate, the yields of chitosan nanoparticles also increased. The concentration of potassium persulfate had a significant influence on the production of chitosan nanoparticles. The lowest concentration of potassium persulfate (0.6 mmol) did not produce an observable formation of chitosan nanoparticles. By using formic acid and potassium persulfate in various concentrations from 1.2–3.0 mmol, chitosan nanoparticles were obtained. A particle size distribution of chitosan nanoparticles was produced from a formic acid solution having a smaller size compared to others. The acidity effect of monocarboxylic acids in the formation of chitosan nanoparticles was better compared to the addition of other acids. Furthermore, synthesized chitosan nanoparticles (50–110 nm) produced from formic acid solutions have potential applications for drug carrier purposes."

"Kolagen merupakan protein yang berbentuk triple helix. Kolagen pada membran cangkang telur memiliki stabilitas suhu yang cukup rendah, yaitu sekitar 55^oC, sehingga dalam pengeringannya lebih umum digunakan metode liofilisasi. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan optimalisasi proses pengeringan kolagen dengan metode pengeringan lain yaitu dengan menggunakan oven vakum skala laboratorium dengan tujuan untuk mengurangi biaya produksi. Ekstraksi kolagen dari membran cangkang telur ayam dilakukan dengan menggunakan NaOH 0,1 N pada tahap pre-treatment dan asam asetat 0,5 M pada tahap ekstraksi. Ekstrak kolagen akan melalui tahap pemisahan dengan sentrifugasi, pengendapan dengan NaCl; dan dimurnikan dengan membran dialisis. Ekstrak kolagen dikeringkan dengan oven vakum pada suhu 45^oC; 40^oC; dan 35^oC. Parameter yang digunakan untuk menentukan proses pengeringan yang optimal adalah waktu pengeringan, laju pengeringan, dan kadar total kolagen. Suhu 45^oC memberikan hasil waktu pengeringan paling cepat, yaitu 11-12 jam. Kadar kolagen dianalisis dengan Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi menggunakan kolom Purospher® C18 dan detektor fluoresensi. Kondisi analisis dilakukan pada panjang gelombang eksitasi 255 nm dan emisi 320 nm. Komposisi fase gerak dapar asetat (pH 4,2) dan asetonitril (60:40) dengan laju alir 0,8 ml/menit. Kadar rata-rata total kolagen yang diperoleh pada sampel dengan suhu pengeringan 45^oC; 40^oC; dan 35^oC adalah 2,3517%; 2,2427%; dan 1,9209%.

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Collagen is a triple helix shaped protein. Collagen from chicken eggshell membrane has a low thermal stability compared to other collagen source, around 55^oC, hence the drying method to obtain collagen is usually by lyophilization. In this study, collagen is dried using vacuum oven laboratory scale to reduce the production cost. Extraction of collagen from chicken eggshell membrane is done using NaOH 0.1 N in pretreatment stage and acetate acid 0.5 M for extraction. Collagen extract is then centrifugated to separate the collagen molecule, precipitated using NaCl, and purificated using the dialysis membrane. Collagen extract dried using vacuum oven at three different temperature, 45^oC; 40^oC; and 35^oC. Optimalization of the drying process is analyzed by observing the drying time, drying rate, and total collagen content obtained. The shortest drying time is 11-12 hours on 45^oC. Collagen analyzed using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography with fluoresence detector using Purospher® C18 column, exitation and emission wavelength at 255 nm and 320 nm, mobile phase composition of acetate buffer (pH 4.2) and acetonitrile (60:40), and flow rate 0.8 ml/min. Average total collagen content obtained from sample of drying temperature of 45^oC; 40^oC; and 35^oC are 2.3517%; 2.2427%; and 1.9209%."